Fracking And Its Early Technological Advancements

Contents Introduction 1 What is Hydraulic Fracking? 2 The Roberts Torpedo, 1864 3 Kelpper Well No. 1, 1947 5 Hydrafrac, 1949 6 The Growth of Hydrafrac, 1949 - 1954 8 Introduction Hydraulic fracking (‘Fracking’) dominates the US oil and gas industry. Although it is currently a politically dividing topic due to environmental concerns (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010), the concept behind fracking has been around for over 150 years (Roberts, 1866), and has been in use in its current state for over 60 years (Clark, 1949). This report will cover the early history of fracking, and its early technological advancements. What is Hydraulic Fracking? Fracking is a well-stimulation technique used most commonly in oil and gas production. Hydraulic fracking is usually performed on shale reserves, but conventional wells are also able to be fracked. Fracking is an extremely important technique; not only increasing production rates of wells but also adding approximately 20 trillion m3 of natural gas and 9 billion bbl of oil to the US reserves (Montgomery Smith, 2010). Fracking follows this basic process: 1. Fracking fluid is pumped into the well under high pressure (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010). 2. This flows into the (perforated) reservoir rock, and creates hairline fractures (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010). 3. Minute particles such as sand, called ‘proppant’ are suspended in the fluidShow MoreRelatedThe Economy Is Making Progress Because Of The Mass Production Of Technology1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe divergent regional forces are reshaping the global economy for good and bad. This is because an overwhelming impact on international relationships, and the role of the United Nations mediating among conflicting nations. The modernization and advancement of India and China has resulted in a shift of economic power that may impact the future of world commerce, possibly forming economic superpowers in decades to come. Having good communication is imperative in global business. Communication barriersRead MoreFracking: Is It Worth It?1551 Words   |  6 PagesFracking: Is it Worth it? â€Å"Fracking is the process of obtaining Natural Gas from below Earth’s surface by drilling 1000’s of feet into the earth before a high-pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release the gas inside.† Water, sand and chemicals are injected into the rock at high pressure which allows the gas to flow out to the head of the well.† (Jackson). Hydraulic Fracturing got its name due to the fact of how the rock is fractured apart by the high pressure mixture of a numberRead MoreThe Nature Of Science, Agriculture Practices, Fracking And Irrigation Practices2197 Words   |  9 Pagesdesire for scientific process, and are driven to make the world a better place; though in reality, the outcomes of our environment and our selves say otherwise. Our ways of science, agriculture practices, fracking and irrigation practices, ways of mining, inventions of plastics, and even our advancement in technology is leading us to the consequences of not only hurting ou r species, but our environment as a whole. People believe that mankind will learn to utilize Earth’s resources intelligently, butRead MoreThe Oil Major Of Mexico3323 Words   |  14 PagesHouston is one of the most active energy exporters in the United States and home to over 300 petroleum refineries, and over 200 private oil companies. Technological innovation has led to major developments in the upstream energy exploration and production and, as a result, has evolved into rapid business growth locally. Although this has seemingly boosted market capital and broadened energy output in domestic markets that didn’t exist a century ago, nationalized foreign oil dependency still representsRead MoreCapital Ownership Via Capitalism Is The Best Socio Economic System2282 Words   |  10 Pagescorporation is to increase profit for shareholders. The only ways to achieve this are by increasing sales or by cutting costs. If the CEO of an oil extraction company is faced with a d ilemma between allocating funds to process runoff waste chemicals from fracking, or to bury them because the cost of a fine is a more economical cost to incur, he or she will choose the latter. This will boost profit for shareholders as well as ensuring that he or she receives a bonus for excellent performance. Meanwhile, theRead MoreExxon Mobile Capstone40455 Words   |  162 Pagesspotlight that was thrown on ExxonMobil regarding its dubious reserve replacement ratio. This raises more questions needing to be address: How will ExxonMobil be able to successfully execute on its mission to produce more oil?; What type of new technological innovations and infrastructure and process improvements are required to succeed?; What geopolitical, regulatory and environmental challenges must ExxonMobil overcome to profitably execute its commitment?    2    Key  Analysis   Global energy demand

The Relationship between Faith and Reason - 1369 Words

Ashley Reynolds STUDENT TH101: THEOLOGY MAJOR ESSAY FaithReason â€Å"Faith and Reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth† Explain the dangers for a theologian when faith and reason are divorced from each other. Use at least one example of a Christian teaching that shows the harmony of faith and reason The harmony of faith and reason are the grounds upon which many Christian teachings are built. This relationship enhances elements of both constructs, however the danger of separating reason from faith is that reason will endeavour to prove literally and most logically which would cause the ultimate goal and question to be lost in deliberation and, on the other hand, separating faith†¦show more content†¦Over time, reason will explain most aspects of the show, but would only hold 4 5 Fides et Ratio, John Paul II 94 Hebrews 11:3 evidence enough to understand the earliest moments of the show. To reach full truth, faith needs to be introduced to actually believe in the initial source of light. Furthermore to the prospect, faith and reason question what happens if the light sources goes out; for the play will not â€Å"die† as death is merely an understood element of the play.Show MoreRelated Trinity of Beliefs Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pages We study different religious faiths in order to understand other people. Many people have strong religious convictions, and it would be impossible to understand them without first understanding their faith. Which is why when studying the early Western World the religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, which are all closely related, are examined. All three of these religions are Western, they are monotheistic, and together they form the Abramic religions. Judaism is the oldest, dating from aroundRead MoreThe Relationship Between Philosophy And Theology1444 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesof society, specifically those who think that faith and reason can never coincide. Other people, though, see the two subjects of study as collaborative instead. Similar to how as intellectuals of our Church today support this relationship, the intellectuals Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure also reinforced it in the thirteenth century. However, both Aquinas and Bonaventure have their own (sometimes differing) opinions on what the true relationship between philosophy and theology is. I believe that Aquinas’sRead MoreThe Relationship Between Philosophy And Theology1433 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, those who think that faith and reason are opposites and can never coincide. Others, though, see the two subjects of study as collaborative instead. And just as intellectuals of our Church today support the relationship which is otherwise seen as faith and reason, so too did the intellectuals Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure reinforce it in the thirteenth century. Howev er, both Aquinas and Bonaventure have their own different opinions on what the true relationship between philosophy and theologyRead MoreEssay on Kierkegaards View on Faith1045 Words   |  5 PagesKierkegaards View on Faith Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher in the mid 1800s. He is known to be the father of existentialism and was at least 70 years ahead of his time. Kierkegaard set out to attack Kant’s rational ethics and make attacks on the Christianity of our day. He poses the question, how do we understand faith? He states that faith equals the absurd. In â€Å"Fear and Trembling†, he uses the story of Abraham and his son Isaac to show an example of faith as the absurd. The story ofRead MoreJustification And Justification For The Act Of Being Set Right Or Made Right1647 Words   |  7 Pagesact of removing debt, being vindicated by judge, or having a relationship restored all fall under the meaning of justification. This is essentially God s act of removing the sin within us humans while considering us to be righteous through Christ s sacrifice. As stated in â€Å"Christ Our Salvation†, â€Å"Those who are righteous will live by faith† (Larondelle, 10). This means that justification must exist in order to have people who live by faith and for these people to be saved and redeemed. JustificationRead MoreRelationship Between Age And Confidence1479 Words   |  6 PagesFurthermore, the relationship between age and confidence in God’s existence is positive. This is supported by the Pearson’s R value of .107, which is above 0 making it positive, found in Table 2. However, because a value of 1 represents a perfectly positive linear line, the low R value suggests that our line is nearly horizontal and will have a small slope. In order to find how confident we are this relationship exists we can run a t-test for R, which is included at the bottom of Table 1. The testRead MoreThe True Meaning Of Faith1725 Words   |  7 Pagesmake us believe in Faith. One might say that we live because we believe in something, no matter how the other feels about it or the way they express those feelings, and also believe in someone due to our connection to them in a distinctive way, a form of believing in faith. To clarify the real meaning of faith would mean to describe the connection between one individual to another, because to understand the meaning of faith, one need to have faith in something or someone. Faith would not make thingsRead MoreAn Analysis of the Doctrine of the Blessed Trinity636 Words   |  3 Pagesreconcile the ancient disputes which played a real part in the split between the Eastern and Western Churches. However, the Church has always approached the mystery of the Trinity with tentativeness, especially since it is a dogma of revelation. In other words, although the Trinity is not mentioned directly in Scripture, it is nonetheless revealed sequentially. Because it is a revealed truth, it cannot be said to go against reason but as the Vatican I council of the 19th century concluded: The divineRead MoreFaith Seeking Understanding1021 Words   |  5 PagesFaith Seeking Understanding - St. Anselm The most striking theme in Anselms Proslogion, or faith seeking understanding, is the idea that in order to prove Gods existence one must first have faith in Him, and only then will one be able to truly understand and appreciate Gods existence. Anselm argues for this eloquently, I do not seek to understand that I may believe, but I believe in order to understand. For this also I believe, that unless I believed, I should not understand (Ch.1 Proslogion)Read MoreComparing Religion And Science From A Sociological Viewpoint1478 Words   |  6 Pagesconsider both how irrational social factors influence everything, and the relationship between faith and proof. First of all, There are a number of debates about the similarities and differences between religion with science from aspects of sociological. Then, in my opinion, is not just the science with people who are the physicist or high priests and mullah shaped to religion. Religion can be forming of culture, identity, relationship, practice, power and so on. Also, in the social constructions, science

The Thoughts Of Brahma And The Creation Of God - 1832 Words

The Thoughts of Brahma is one of the creation myths in Hindu scripture that explains the creation of the world that is Earth today. In this story, Brahma, the Hindu creator God, re-creates the Earth every four ages to bring the Earth to its original condition. To create beings, Brahma meditates and uses his mind. Brahma’s thoughts are then transformed into beings. To begin inhabiting the world, Brahma starts by creating the evil or â€Å"demons,† this becomes the darkness. Brahma then creates the good, which became the light. Afterwards, Brahma begins to create human beings. Brahma then began thinking strangely, and as a result, horrible creatures were created. Brahma was so horrified with his actions that â€Å"all the hairs on his head fell out,† and he mistakenly created ghouls as well. Upon moving on from the dark thoughts, Brahma was able to create all of the other living things we know today. In Thoughts of Brahma, the central theme of the story is creation. Whether the creating is good or evil, this myth focuses on explaining the process on how the world became what it is today, and how its inhabitants were formed. The Thoughts of Brahma and the Christian creation stories in the book of Genesis have similarities and differences (Genesis Chapter 1). In both creation stories, a divine being creates the world and all of the beings that inhabit it. Some differences are that in the Christian faith, God takes an active role in up keeping and sustaining the earth. In the HinduShow MoreRelatedEssay on Creation737 Words   |  3 Pages Creation The Creation Stories Did the creation of the earth and life begin by itself? Or did God create them? In the beginning, civilization started to question who created earth. There were many different views. In Genesis, Jinasena, and Buddha have their own thinking. There were some differences as well as similarities. In Genesis, it was stated that God created heaven and earth. Everything we saw is Gods work. Even ourselves is come out from him. In one week, Days and Nights; Skies andRead MoreCosmic Paper978 Words   |  4 PagesCosmic Creation Myths Across Taliah Daniels Hum/105 December 19, 2012 GLORIA PUGLIESE Cosmic Creation Myths Across Regarding Creation Although there are a great number of creation myths that are propagated by people of Chinese descent, virtually all of them acknowledge Pan Gu. Those that due generally state that Pan Gu was the first being and that all existence in the universe—especially the earth and the heavens—is comprised of this being. The general story of Pan Gu begins with hisRead MoreHow Saraswati Is The Goddess Of Knowledge936 Words   |  4 Pagesexplains what her dharma was and why she is considered the goddess of knowledge. There are several different myths about how she came to be, but most of them say that she came from the god Brahma. Brahma is the creator of the earth and at the beginning there was not much order and everything was very chaotic. Brahma thought that knowledge was what was missing in the universe. Saraswati is said to have come out of Brahma’s mouth riding a swan. The swan is a symbol of spiritual transcendence and perfectionRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of Hindu and Chinese Creation Myths1165 Words   |  5 PagesRegarding Creation Although there are a great number of creation myths that are propagated by people of Chinese descent, virtually all of them acknowledge Pan Gu. Those that due generally state that Pan Gu was the first being and that all existence in the universe especially the earth and the heavens is comprised of this being. The general story of Pan Gu begins with his conception inside of an egg. In that egg is the yin and the yang, the notion of duality which brings an eternal harmony andRead MoreEssay on The Unique Hindu Gods876 Words   |  4 Pagespracticed monotheism may have a hard time understand the relationships between each God and what it represents. It has been said there are three hundred thirty-three million Gods in in the Hindu faith, which by definition would certainly make it a polytheistic religion. Those same individuals may be even more confused if they were to visit with a practitioner who tells them there really is only one God and the other Gods are merely idols to help the m focus their understanding of the religion. The religionRead MoreBuddhism And The Buddhist Art1289 Words   |  6 PagesApproximately 350 million people around the world are Buddhists. It began about 2,500 years ago when Siddhartha Gautama at age 35, known as the Buddha, was â€Å"awakened or enlightened†. Buddhism basically means you must lead a moral life, be aware of your thoughts and actions and try to develop wisdom and understanding. It explains a purpose to life, tries to explain injustice and inequality and provides a way of life that leads to happiness. Buddhism began in India, and the earliest Buddhist art is foundRead MoreHinduism and Christianity: Monotheistic Paths to One God. Essay2278 Words   |  10 PagesTrimurti of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva and the Christian Trinity of God the Father, Jesus the Son and the Holy Spirit. In comparing Trinity and Trimurti, religious scholar, Anuradha Veeravali (Indian Philosophies, Encyclopedia of Religion) draws parallels between Brahma and God, Vishnu and the Holy Spirit, and Shiva and Jesus, but persists in the common idea that Christianity is a monotheistic faith while Hinduism is polytheistic. However, Bede Griffiths, a Christian priest living in India, has daredRead MoreAncient And Early Modern Societies1145 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment, and even science. They also believed in sacrifices because they believed they owed something to the Gods, who they praised regularly. In the primary source, Enuma Elish, which talked about different gods and how they went through a period of chaos while trying to create nature. In this particular text there is six tablets and each tablet will mention nature and the obstacles each god faced. The first tablet in particular starts off saying â€Å"When in the height heaven was not named, And the earthRead MoreThe Myth Of The Indian Creation Myth957 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many creation myths that have been told for hundreds of years that have served as an explanation for how the world works. Each culture has a creation myth that is unique to them. India, for example, has a creation myth that has been told for hundreds of years, and by examining the myth, it is possible to understand what their culture values. The Indian creation myth is one of the Puranas, or religious texts, within the Veda. According to Barry B. Powell, this myth may have been told aroundRead MoreHindu Mythology2128 Words   |  9 PagesClassical Civilizations Student Number: 208504832 Student Name: Nahishta Singh Course name: Classical Civilizations 201 Mythology Assignment: 1 Question: Describe the creation myth of any traditional ethnicity or culture of your choice, ancient or modern. How, according to this culture, did the world begin how did humans originate? Sign: _________________________

Nco Support Channel Essay Example For Students

Nco Support Channel Essay The NCO support channel is subordinate to and supportive of the chain of command. The NCO support channel is not an independent channel. It is incumbent on the users of this channel to ensure that the chain of command is kept informed of actions implemented through the NCO support channel and to eliminate the possibility of the NCO support channel operating outside of command policy and directives. Problems should be brought to the attention of the chain of command and resolved through a coordinated effort. Since the NCO support channel should be operating in accordance with established command policy and directives, conflicts should be minimal and easily resolved. Prior to 1977 the NCO support channel was regarded as informal. However, AR 600-20 formalized the NCO support channel and expanded its functions in December 1976. The NCO support channel is now directive in nature within established policies and orders. Because of this, commanders are seeing the senior NCO more actively participating in all unit activities and tasks. The NCO support channel (leadership chain) parallels and reinforces the chain of command. NCO leaders work with and support the commissioned and warrant officers of their chain of command. In units at the battalion level and higher, the NCO support channel is the communication and supervision that begins with the command sergeant major (CSM), extends through first sergeants and platoon sergeants and ends with section chiefs, squad leaders, or team leaders. In addition to passing information, this channel is used for executing the commander’s orders and getting routine, but important, jobs done. Most often it is used to put into effect policies and procedures and to enforce standards of performance, training, appearance and conduct. The connection between the chain of command and the NCO support channel is the senior NCO. Commanders issue orders through the chain of command, but senior NCOs must know and understand the orders to issue effective implementing instructions through the NCO support channel. Although the first sergeant and command sergeants major are not part of the formal chain of command, leaders should consult them on individual soldier matters. Successful officers have a good leader and NCO relationship with their first sergeants and command sergeants major. This leaves the commander free to plan, make decisions and program future training and operations. The need for such a relationship applies to platoon leaders and platoon sergeants as well as to staff officers and NCOs. Senior NCOs have extensive experience in successfully completing missions and dealing with enlisted soldier issues. Also, senior NCOs can monitor organizational activities at all levels, take corrective action to keep the organization within the boundaries of the commander’s intent, or report situations that require the attention of the officer leadership. Regardless of where the information or task begins – in the chain of command or in the NCO support channel – keep the counterpart informed. A positive relationship between officers and NCOs creates conditions for success.

Leonardo Da Vinci Essays (820 words) - Giftedness,

Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci was born in 1452 on his father's estate in Vinci, Italy. He received his education on the estate until the age of fifteen. Which is when his father had noticed Leonardo's potential and had decided to send him to be an apprentice to the artist Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence. There he studied sculpture and the mechanical arts. This was also when he first developed an interest in anatomy. In 1472 Leonardo was accepted into the painters' guild at Florence, where he remained for the next ten years. In 1482, Leonardo was hired by the duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, to be artist and engineer in residence. During his stay in Milan, he started to compose a unified theory of the world and to illustrate it in a series of voluminous notebooks. Unfortunately due to his pursuit of scientific knowledge he had to leave many of his artistic creations unfinished. He stayed in Milan for seventeen years. There he completed six paintings: two portraits of the 'Last Supper', two versi ons of 'The Virgin of the Rocks', and a decorative ceiling painting in the Castello Sforzesco. Other paintings were either unfinished or have disappeared. In the early 1500's, Leonardo returned to his home city. In Florence, he was commissioned to do a number of paintings, but other interests and tasks kept him from finishing them. The most well known piece to survive from this time period was the famous Mona Lisa, which is now in the Louvre in Paris. For ten months during 1502, Leonardo served as military adviser and engineer. During the years 1513 to 1516, Leonardo was in Rome at the invitation of Cardinal Giuliano de' Medici, brother of Pope Leo X. Some of the greatest artists of the time were at work in Rome for the church. In May 1506 Charles d'Amboise, governor of Milan for the king of France, invited Leonardo to return to that city. His work in painting and sculpture over the next seven years remained mostly in the planning stage--in sketches that he drew but that never becam e paintings or statues--but his scientific work flourished. He continued his notebooks with observations and drawings of human anatomy, optics, mechanics, and botanical studies. He also did some sketches for a Medici residence in Florence that was never built. Otherwise he was lonely and unoccupied. Thus in 1516, at the age of 65, he accepted an invitation from Francis I, king of France, to leave Italy and work for him. Leonardo spent the last three years of his life in the palace of Cloux, near the king's residence at Amboise, near Tours. He was given the title of first painter, architect, and mechanic of the King and given freedom of action in what he wanted to do. Although there are many great works of Leonardo Da Vinci that I could have chosen, I am going to choose the most obvious, the Mona Lisa. I chose this piece because the impact it had on the world. No matter where you go in the world, everyone knows of the Mona Lisa. The picture is on stamps; shirts; posters; cup; and just about anything else you can think of. It one of the most well renowned paintings in the world. Another reason I chose this piece is because of the mystery of the painting. To this day no one knows whether the woman in the painting was a real person, or whether is was Leonardo's vision of himself as a women. Another fact which makes it even more peculiar is that Leonardo always kept a log of the models which he had used, yet there is no record of who modeled for the Mona Lisa. Leonardo Da Vinci had a very strong influence over the world, artistically as well as scientifically. Leonardo devised plans for prototypes of an airplane and a helicopter. His extensive studies of human anatomy were portrayed in anatomical drawings, were among the most significant achievements of Renaissance Science. His remarkable illustrations of the human body elevated drawing into a means of scientific investigation and exposition and provided the basic principles for modern scientific illustration. He continued his notebooks with observations and drawings of human

1909 Uprising and 1910 Cloakmakers Strike

1909 Uprising and 1910 Cloakmakers Strike In 1909, about one-fifth of the workers mostly women working at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory walked out of their jobs in a spontaneous strike in protest of working conditions. Owners Max Blanck and Isaac Harris then locked out all the workers at the factory, later hiring prostitutes to replace the strikers. Other workers again, mostly women walked out of other garment industry shops in Manhattan. The strike came to be called the Uprising of the Twenty Thousand though its now estimated that as many as 40,000 participated by its end. The  Womens Trade Union League  (WTUL), an alliance of wealthy women and working women, supported the strikers, trying to protect them from routinely being arrested by the New York police and from being beaten by management-hired thugs. The WTUL also helped organize a meeting at Cooper Union. Among those who addressed the strikers, there was American Federation of Labor (AFL) president Samuel Gompers, who endorsed the strike and called on the strikers to organize to better challenge employers to improve working conditions. A fiery speech by Clara Lemlich, who worked in a garment shop owned by Louis Leiserson and who had been beaten by thugs as the walkout began, moved the audience, and when she said, I move that we go on a general strike! she had the support of most of those there for an extended strike. Many more workers joined the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU). The uprising and strike lasted a total of fourteen weeks. The ILGWU then negotiated a settlement with factory owners, in which they won some concessions on wages and working conditions. But Blanck and Harris of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory refused to sign the agreement, resuming business. 1910 Cloakmakers Strike - the Great Revolt On July 7, 1910, another large strike hit the garment factories of Manhattan, building on the Uprising of the 20,000 the previous year. About 60,000 cloakmakers left their jobs, backed by the  ILGWU  (International Ladies Garment Workers Union). The factories formed their own protective association. Both strikers and factory owners were largely Jewish.  Strikers also included many Italians.  Most of the strikers were men. At the initiation of A. Lincoln Filene, owner of the Boston-based department store, a reformer and social worker, Meyer Bloomfield, convinced both the union and the protective association to allow Louis Brandeis, then a prominent Boston-area lawyer, to oversee negotiations, and to try to get both sides to withdraw from attempts to use courts to settle the strike. The settlement led to a Joint Board of Sanitary Control being established, where labor and management agreed to cooperate in establishing standards above the legal minimums for factory working conditions, and also agreed to cooperatively monitor and enforce the standards. This strike settlement, unlike the 1909 settlement, resulted in union recognition for the ILGWU by some of the garment factories, allowed for the union to recruit workers to the factories (a union standard, not quite a union shop), and provided for disputes to be handled through arbitration rather than strikes. The settlement also established a 50 hour work week, overtime pay  and  holiday time off. Louis Brandeis was instrumental in negotiating the settlement. Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labor, called it more than a strike it was an industrial revolution because it brought the union into partnership with the textile industry in determining workers rights. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire: Index of Articles Quick Overview of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory FireTriangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire   the fire itself1911 - Conditions at the Triangle Shirtwaist FactoryAfter the Fire: identifying victims, news coverage, relief efforts, memorial, and funeral march, investigations, trialFrances Perkins and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Context: Josephine GoldmarkILGWUWomen’s Trade Union League (WTUL)

Reading Newspapers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading Newspapers - Essay Example This information is in the classified section of your local newspaper. These ads are particularly attractive to younger people and students, as they have less time and less money than average, and need advice on the best value available. Some newspapers are dominated by classified ads and as a result are read more by younger people and students; examples include the Village Voice and Creative Loafing. (Mennenga, 40) 2) Being smarter. Newspapers contain a wealth of information that is often quoted close to the source, and a quick on-line search can reveal quotes from original sources in their home locale. This information can help individuals take advantage of new health solutions and new services. 3) Need the truth Surveys indicate that newspapers are, "a reliable source of information that can be trusted." (Klein, 26) This result was from a marketing firm study that found, "people still place a great deal of trust in printed newspapers." 4) Meeting people. Want to always have a conversation-starter handy According to the Bill Husted, Atlanta Journal-Constitution's Technobuddy, reading the on-line paper can be a great way to show off your knowledge to your friends, and meet new people. You can advertise your knowledge by telling where and when a current event happened, quoting the newspaper closest to the event. Husted gave the following example: "When Scott Peterson was charged with the killing of his wife, I checked The Modesto Bee (www.modbee.com)." People everywhere were talking about this event. You can show people you are "in the know" if you spend a couple of minutes reading stories like this. A summary of ways that newspaper reading can improve your life is shown in Figure 1: "Ways a newspaper 'helps you live your life.' This came from a study by Schlagheck (82) of 267 students at a Midwestern public university. Students agreed some of the greatest benefits of reading newspapers were that newspapers help me "make decisions on purchases," "inform me about movies/concerts/events," and help me "make health-related decisions." These benefits of spending more time reading newspapers improve the quality of students' lives. In contrast, one reason people read newspapers less often include information overload. This is a very valid reason for avoiding information, except that the huge benefits of newspaper reading cannot be realized. Instead, Cripwell recommends that we network with people "in-the-know." And you can find these people in the newspaper! Most importantly, reading about current events, local events and important personally relevant facts and studies keeps us informed. This helps us participate in our world and our government. Reading newspapers helps us avoid ignorance, for as Thomas Jefferson said, "If a nation expects to be both ignorant and free, it expects what never was and never will be." Here's an example of