Migrant workers Essay

Migrant workers apparently come from poor countries and have been living in tough financial situation, thus they choose to work as maids outside their countries hoping they would find a solution for their crisis. However, this situation is getting more serious and controversial than before, the rate of domestic workers committing suicide is increasing. what households seek in Lebanon is not to help but slaves to serve them, and these maids go through hard work and mistreatment. We hear a lot of maids who escape and we read a lot in the press about the crimes committed by the maids, but we do not ask ourselves why all of this is happening? The answer is linked on how the householder treats her maid, which in the matter of time the maid might commit a suicide and get her revenge. people are treating maids as animals, not realizing that they also have feelings and lives to live. Maids also have their rights just like any other person; violence or yelling at them is not the solution this may lead them to escape since they are not machines that can get all your work done at the same time. People should wake up and stop treating them such a way; they are still human that needs to be taken care of instead of treating them bad. They are here to help the house holder; their wasted rights should be defended as people should be punished for what they are doing. Forgin workers comes from a poor background and she does not know so much about the technology and how to use electronic appliances, therefore the householder should train and explains for her the instructions how to use these technological appliances instead of shouting and beating her. When the maid starts working the householder should teach her gently and calmly, she could be ignorant, does not know how to read and write, and not educated enough so she needs time to understand what she should do. Trading companies are the one who provide households with domestic workers in order to help them with their everyday life issues, such as cleaning and taking care of kids, that parents usually do not have time for it. Workers coming from poor countries do not mind working and taking such tasks in order to afford enough money for their families back in their home country. The problem starts to rise when owners begin to abuse these workers and forbid them from rights, such as the rights of privacy or maintaining their good health or giving them a day off to rest. Thus, the maids start to disobey their owners and even sometimes create other problems such as creating chaos and misbehaving. In this case owners become extremely  abusive and strict, to a point where the workers do not have any other choice than to commit suicide in case they forbid them to go outside the house. The first right that should be taken into consideration is to enable them to contact their parents, provide adequate housing, and provide the necessary requirements. This type of behavior can even affect the children whom they might have some affection left for the worker. Parents are children’s model of behavior, especially when they are at a young age therefore they imitate whatever their parents do, and start on their own abuse the maids whether physically or intellectually, such as verbal abuse. This might also add to their burden of being abused, even by children. These are the main factors that push them to the edge of killing themselves. Few mothers took this step and others followed and with time, however, need was not the only factor that led to the increase of the number of domestic migrant workers. Apparently we find one or two maids in some homes, houses are cleaner, sinks are empty and laundry is ironed but children are heartless and Lebanese-less. And when love is not received, it cannot be shown. Patriotism taught usually by mothers is getting extinct with time as they no longer discuss patriotic topics with their children due to lack of time. In addition, domestic workers who suffer from migration and their long distance stay, feel more attached to their home country. Both facts are negatively reflected on children; these factors also contribute in their everyday pressure are the oppression and abuse of their rights. Another shocking factor, when the boss of the house tries to have a sexual intercourse with the maid. Maids are not slaves, they keep working all day and night and finally when the employee of t he house finds out what happen she fire her and put her in jail saying that she stole something from her stuff. These maids are working to escape the extreme poverty in which they suffer in their own countries they must have some have someone who fights for their rights and needs since maids are not getting their full rights. The best way to avoid the problems suffered by the female migrant workers is to educate them about their rights safeguard and the dignity of humanity. As a conclusion maids are being exposed to frustration or deprived of achieving their goals or satisfies their needs. The poverty and the need of money has been subjected to injustice, this reflects the majority of committing suicide. Maids must have their rights and obligations. Lebanese society  should learn how to treat these women and they must appreciate and respect what they are doing, thus they should put in mind that these maids come from poor village and they do not know how to deal with new equipments; this is the responsibility of the house holder. Eventually, these maids are human beings just like any other person; they must get their full rights, needs, and they should be treated in a good and polite way. We should not forget that we all work to earn money and living and they also work for the same reasons, but the difference is in the level of education. They are removing the hard work and dirt so their work must be appreciated.

His/145 Native American Civil Rights

Native American Civil Rights HIS/145 Native American Civil Rights Native Americans were the people of the land before English settlers claimed the United States as it is today. Throughout time they have been mistreated by white people and forced to be Americanized. Their culture has almost died with their people, and to this day their rights can be challenged as unjustified. Before the 1960’s, Native Americans were pretty much ignored by other groups of ethnicity, especially the whites.However, postwar of Vietnam sparked the American youth to protest politics, and Native Americans stood up for their civil rights as American people. In 1961, around sixty seven tribes made up of over four hundred tribal members, met up in Chicago to find new ways of bringing all Native American tribes together to address wrongs of their people. They wanted the right to choose their own way of life. Before Native Americans were seen as savages, the red men who killed attacked innocent white men. But one result of the movement was a change in the way popular culture saw Native Americans.By the 1970’s films that once portrayed Indians as such savages, stopped. Some Indian activists persuaded some white schools to change the demeaning reference of Native Americans, such as Dartmouth College that once called their team the â€Å"Indians†. In 1968, a young militant group of Native Americans established A. I. M. which stands for American Indian Movement. It supporters were those of urban areas but eventually established on reservations. â€Å"In 1968 Congress passed the Indian Civil Rights Act, which recognized the legitimacy of tribal laws within the reservations.But leaders of AIM and other insurgent groups were not satisfied and turned increasingly to direct action. In 1968, Indian fisherman clashed with Washington State officials on the Columbia River and in Puget Sound, where Indians claimed that treaties gave them the exclusive right to fish. The Following ye ar, members of several tribes made a symbolic protest by occupying the abandoned federal prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay and claiming the site â€Å"by right of discovery. † (Brinkley, page 841-842 012) In the 1970 the president had promised increased tribal self-determination and another increase in federal aid for Native Americans but protests were still continuing. One of the most celebrated protests happened February 1973 at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. This was the site of the 1890 massacre of the Sioux Indians murdered in cold blood by American federal troops. AIM occupied and seized the town of Wounded Knee for about two months, demanding changes in their administration and asking the government to honor their treaty obligations that were said to be forgotten.Only one Indian was killed during this protest and another one wounded. The Indian civil rights movement, like most other civil rights movements of their times did not win full justice and equality f or their people. The principal goal to some Native Americans was to defend, and protect their rights as Native Americans. As to other Native Americans it was equality. Native Americans wanted to win a place in society as an equal to all groups that made up Americans. However, there is no single Indian culture or tradition in America, so the movement to unite all Native American tribes failed.The Indian civil rights movement, for all the limitations it had endured, did accomplish winning a series of brand new legal rights and protections, which gave them a much stronger position in the twentieth century. (Brinkley, 2012 page 842) (Brinkley, 2012) Native Americans were typically unhealthy, ignored, and discriminated against as savage humans for many years. In the 1960’s, the fact that young adults were protesting for their rights as civilians led Native Americans to fight for their own rights as well.They were awarded federal aid and their tribal laws on their reservations were awarded to their people, which basically means federal law has no say when it comes to any legal decisions made on an Indian reservation, where once before they did have a say. Native Americans today have ways to bring in money to tribes, such as Casinos, and are not treated as savages as they once were before the 1960’s in American culture. Reference Brinkley, A. (2012). American History. Connecting with the Past, Fourteenth Edition (14th Ed. ). Not Sure: McGraw-Hill Company.

Factors that possibly affect first year performance in college Essay

Factors that possibly affect first year performance in college - Essay Example For this study, the dependent variable was â€Å"First Year Performance† which was measured by taking the average of the grades received by the student from the courses he was taking. Independent variables were region of origin, age, and gender. Region of origin referred to the student’s place of study, and took the values of EU, OS, and UK. Age was divided into two values: regular (below 21 years old as of 1st September at the year of intake) and mature (below 21 years old as of 1st September at the year of intake). Gender took the values of Male and Female. In order to find if there were any regional effects on first year performance, Analysis of Variance was used. Analysis of variance tests for mean differences among a sample of three or more groups. To find if either age or gender had effects on first year performance, differences of the means of two groups were investigated using t test. Relationships between the variables which, incidentally, contained categorica l variables, were investigated using cross tabulation techniques and the chi square test. First year performance in college is a crucial measure because it says a lot regarding the initial progress of a student. In summary, age, gender, and region did not have significant effects on the overall first year performance of students. However, these factors did have certain effects on selected course units. Also according to the research findings regular students tended to come from OS more than from UK or EU.... Presentation and Discussion of Results Descriptive Statistics Table 1 shows a summary of the frequency and percentage distribution of a total of 238 respondents for this study. The figures show that 53. 8% were from OS (n = 128), 36.1% were from UK (n = 86), and 10.1% were from EU (n = 24). When grouped according to age, 87.4% were regular students (n = 208), while 12.6% were mature students (n = 30). When grouped according gender, 46.2% were male (n = 110) and 53.8% were female (n = 128). Figures from Table 2 indicate that the students had a mean average grade of 56.6 (SD = 12.2). Students had the highest mean grades in BMAN10001 (10) – Economic Principles: Microeconomics (Mean = 69.7, SD = 15.4) while lowest mean grades were in BMAN10621 (M) (10) – Fundamentals of Financial Reporting (Mean = 45.9, SD = 20). Effects of Age T test results showing effects of age on first year performance are summarized in Table 3. No significant effect of age was found in the average sco res of students, t(38) = .43, n. s. However, age was a significant factor in unit courses such as BMAN10801 (10) – Introduction to Work Psychology and BMAN10812 (10) – The Modern Corporation, t(36) = 2.06, p = .05, and t(191) = 3.27, p < .01, respectively. In both cases, Regular students scored higher (Mean = 56.4, SD = 11.9 and Mean = 57.4, SD = 12.1) than Mature students (Mean = 51.1, SD = 13.37 and Mean = 47.8, SD = 21.1). No other significant differences were found. Effects of Gender T test results showing effects of gender on first year performance are summarized in Table 4. No significant effect of gender was found in the average scores of students, t(231) = .70, n. s. However, gender was a significant factor in

The Hierarchical Structure of The Court System in England and Wales Essay

The Hierarchical Structure of The Court System in England and Wales - Essay Example The Civil Division of the Court of Appeal handles any appeals about decisions taken by the High Court. The subcategory of Chancery Division, Companies Court handles cases about business swindles, company disagreements, bankruptcy, organizational administration and disentitlement of directors. Patents Courts, second subcategory of Chancery Division handles cases about scholarly possessions, copyrights, government grants and trademarks. The Divisional Court, the third subpart of Chancery Division handles cases about ‘equity and trusts’, ‘controversial probates’, ‘tax partnerships’ and liquidation (Jones, 2011). The Family Division handles cases about marital issues like guardianship of children, family, espousal, parental accommodation, domestic sadism, breakage of relationships, and termination of marital agreements, divorces, and medical handling situations (Elliot & Thomas 2011). The Queen’s Bench Division is divided into Administrative Court, Admiralty Court, Commercial Court, Mercantile Court, and Technology and Construction Court. The Administrative Court is responsible for hearing the legal reassessments, legislative cases and claims, and claims that come under the category of cases according to ‘Drug Trafficking Act 1984’ and the ‘Criminal Justice Act 1988’. The Administrative Court also supervises the courts and tribunals inferior to it about legitimized decisions. It also supports localized establishments, ‘Ministries of the Crown’ and public authorities in legal decision-making (Elliot & Thomas 2011). The Admiralty Court is responsible for handling disagreements related to nautical and shipment issues such as accidents, rescue, transportation of... This essay mostly focuses on the analysis of the hierarchal structure of court system of England and Wales, that can be noticed today as divided into five levels. Supreme Court also called previously as House of Lords and Judicial Committee of the Privy Council are at first level, Court of Appeal is on the second level, High Court on third, Crown Court and County Courts on four and Magistrates’ Courts and Tribunals Services are at fifth level. The researcher then concludes that the court system in England and Wales is divided into certain levels starting from Supreme Court to the Tribunals and Magistrates’ Courts. The researcher then discusses each level and provides recommendations as to how to understand and differentiate each one. Supreme Court is the highest most court of the court system. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is also of top level. The second in hierarchy is the Court of Appeal followed by Criminal and Civil Divisions. Magistrates’ Courts a nd Tribunals that are at the last level of hierarchy of court system follow Crown Court and County Courts at forth level. The decisions from lower courts can be appealed in the higher courts. However, the binding precedent cannot be appealed as it is a decision that is taken by a higher court and can be reused if the judges find a similar case with similar issues and facts. If a judge at a lower level of court system does not follow the binding precedent in giving a decision, the case can be appealed at a higher level.

The Evolution of the American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Evolution of the American Dream - Essay Example Essay on The American Dream shows The American Dream all about true prosperity for all – never about false prosperity attained via government schemes. It is never about infringing the rights of American citizens for a cause that is deemed worthy of self-appointed moralists.The essay example states that The American Dream is about the natural right of a person to pursue liberty, a successful life, and happiness. Democratic service, as proposed by Martin Luther King, should mean a collective way of exercising the little power that people hold so to challenge the power levers (Adams 113). Here, power sets the norms, values and the ends that a specific society abides by. The values get to promote a society that is more just if the values are just in themselves. On the other hand, if they are unjust, they end up creating a society that is unjust – much of what we currently see at the moment. The contemporary understanding of the American dream has led to the creation of an u nfair society. Those with the power and mandate to change and remake the American society that upholds democratic values and norms must do so via active participation and critical reflection. The American Dream essay depicts a dream about life which is fuller and richer for every citizen regardless of birth circumstances or social stature. Unmistakably, countless Americans are by now weary and mistrustful of the contemporary interpretation of the American Dream. ... In simple terms, the American Dream as envisioned by our Forefathers was that every person has the God-given right to his liberty, life and pursuit of happiness – devoid of any form of interference. It is quite unfortunate that top in government’s agenda is wealth redistribution. As it appears, through subsequent brainwashing, people who have become dependent on government benefits have failed to comprehend that no cause should validate the infringement of the rights in addition to freedoms stipulated above (Schnell 322). It is time that everyone rejected the notion put forward by progressives that the Dream is about receiving security, privileges and benefits from the government of politicians. The American Dream should entail liberty. In essence, the foundation of the American Dream proffers that liberty has to be placed higher up there than the rest of the objectives. In essence, the underlying premise of this Dream is that liberty be given a higher priority compared to any other objective. The government has the mandate to protect the god-given rights that every human being inherits during their birth. America’s Founding Fathers never envisioned that the government will be the one to give rights to its subjects. Their main objective was to limit the powers of the government. This is what gave birth to the famous American Dream. Any law that permits allows the government to take people’s property without their permission no matter what, is immoral and unconstitutional. Presently, the American government is still winning its tender offer to American citizens: security in place of freedom. Any sensible American should ask himself or herself: Are these government benefits worth if it is likely that future generation may live in a police state due to the

Human Rights and English Law (LLB Level) Is Ronald Dworkin a Essay

Human Rights and English Law (LLB Level) Is Ronald Dworkin a positivist or a natural lawyer Discuss, with reference to the differences between the natural - Essay Example classified as a classical Natural lawyer because he does not equate morally unjust law with bad law, although he does highlight the value of the moral dimension to law when he states: â€Å"According to law as integrity, propositions of law are true if they figure in or follow from the principles of justice, fairness and procedural due process that provide the best constructive interpretation of the community’s legal practice.†1 Although Dworkin also endorses some of the Positivist views such that the fact that law is guided by a wide framework of social conventions or rules, he could best be classified as a natural lawyer since he suggests that every legal action has a moral dimension. This aspect assumes special importance in the context of human rights, which are enshrined in international human rights treaties, since human rights are not confined within the limits of a particular state. The universal nature of human rights ascribes to it a moral foundation in its in terpretation, since the moral aspect of human rights involves an identification of the minimum requirements for human beings to lead a good life. Human rights are deemed to be universal in the sense that all human beings have these rights and should be able to enjoy them.2 The idea of law being â€Å"natural† implies that it is derived from the basis of morality. The foundation of natural law is that a putative norm cannot be considered legally valid, unless and until it is able to pass the moral threshold. The utilitarian position on liberty is based upon the proposition that the value of individual freedom is generally associated with that of greater good for society as a whole.3 Therefore, as stated by Feldman, â€Å"once something has been identified as a good, it must prima facie be made available to all without differentiating with reference to preferred outcomes.4 Fuller highlights this aspect of â€Å"good† in attributing an internal system of rules in framing the law. He contends that framing

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rhetorical Analysis Essay - Assignment Example Richard Cohen, in his article â€Å"The Dangers of Labeling Terrorism† brings out various perceptions about the role of US in Islam states conflicts. This paper shall present a rhetoric analysis of Cohen’s article. Global conflicts are seen to be closely tied to religion and balance of power politics. Based on the consistency of outcomes, the author argues that there is little logic in all US involvement in foreign conflicts. He sees no need for US to continue with a trend, which does not bring positive results. For instance, he cites all the countries like Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan as some of the countries that have not realized peace despite to US intervention. In fact, in such places, the US could have reasoned logically to let those countries managed their affairs without any interference. Cohen also feels that the fact that US’s intervention in Iraqi affairs to save besieged Yazidis is another move that was not logically well thought out. He may be seen to take this position with the understanding that no other state should meddle with other countries’ political affairs (Cohen 1). In addition, he feels that Barack Obama’s position in the Islamic conflicts is logical. He argues that Obama does not see a blank cover of generalized criminal acts perpetrated by Muslim faithful as Islamic Terrorism. He notes that Obama is right to observe that terrorism by some Islamic states, which does not reflect true Islam, should not be generalized to the entire Muslim world. Religious scholars all over the world may support this claim. That is because many scholars have noted that the original Islam has been corrupted. This corruption, in many cases, has led to the lack of tolerance. Besides that, the corrupted Islam has led the emergence of radical sects within Islam. Thus, the author rightly maintains that Obama’s position is logical, as it does not

Assess the impact of Byzantine and Sassanian cultures on Umayyad Essay

Assess the impact of Byzantine and Sassanian cultures on Umayyad secular architecture and its decoration, with reference to spec - Essay Example Previous to the ascend of the Islam culture in the earliest ADS- 5th and 6th Centuries- the persons, according to Blair & Bloom (2009) who lived in the Arab peninsula, had a main responsibility in shaping the present day Islam art. The then inhabitants of the Arab peninsula are comprehensive of the Byzantine in the Northwest whilst the Sassanian Empire was situated in the North East (Blair & Bloom, 2009). This paper shall evaluate the surfacing of the Islam world in relation to the Sassanian and Byzantine Empires, via an examination of the then cultures, the adjustments and adoption of the same to the Islam world. The paper shall also attempt to give clear instances such as Qusayr Al-Hayr East, Khirbat Al Mafjar, and Qusayr Amra amongst others. 2.0. The Byzantine Empire This empire as seen in the thoughts compiled by Ekhtiar (2011) was born out of the Roman Empire, and had Constantinople as its midpoint. The empire comprised of the Balkans - Palestine, Syrians, Egyptians, and Asia mi nors- and had Christianity as its major faith (Blair & Bloom, 2009). Nevertheless, the empire was also open to a Jewish population and other Christian sects. In relation to art, the empire has strong Roman roots that saw the empire have a great influence from pagan classical inheritance (Blair & Bloom, 2009). ... The then emperor, Justinian reconstructed the city of Antioch at Syria by dividing it into streets, by constructing sewers, fountains, and water channels (Ekhtiar, 2011). At the same time, the emperor built baths, theaters and other buildings to a great city (Ekhtiar, 2011). However, with time the city faced frequent tests ranging from inadequate funds to develop the city, but one would argue that the broad avenues and ‘modern’ buildings replaced the classical monuments and the general lifestyle of the town life (Blair & Bloom, 2009). On the other hand, Ekhtiar (2011) indicates that the Sassanian Empire was also developing gradually to urban civilization. 3.0. The Sassanian Empire Founded in the 208-40 AD by Ardashir, the empire became Rome Byzantine’s empire major challenger (Irwin, 1997). The empire stretches to the Far East from the Indus and Oxis rivers, and had had numerous conflicts with the Byzantine at the time of Justinian rule (Irwin, 1997). In the compi lation of Irwin (1997), the empire is said to practice the Zoroaster faith, though the Manichaenism was gaining root in the territory as well which used paintings to explain its message as seen in the Islam art, by its founder Mani (Irwin, 1997). The Sassanian is said to have a huge relationship with the Byzantine architecture, an explanation of the type of drinking cups used by the Sassanian portray a huge percentage of Dionysian imagery (Irwin, 1997).The Sassanian also used the scrolling vine from the Byzantine art, and the same is replicated in the then Islamic culture. The Sassanians are also indicated to have their motifs as the peacock, the winged crown and the palm that were

Negotiation and Conflict Week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiation and Conflict Week 3 - Essay Example In this discussion, the different models such as Trust model and I/R/P model will be taken into concern as a form of effective strategies for addressing the conflicts which have been described in the first week’s assignment. Trust model The different features of Trust model can be viewed as valuable strategy for addressing any sort of conflict situations in an organization. The model explains two types of trust such as interpersonal trust and procedural trust (Furlong, 2005). Interpersonal Trust Interpersonal trust is a perception which states that an individual will not perform any such act that might harm the interest of other individual. The perception mainly depends upon people’s judgment about a person’s character, nature, value and integrity. One of the important characteristics of interpersonal trust is the reliance upon the assumption and belief rather on definite information (Furlong, 2005). Procedural Trust This form of trust generally permits an indivi dual to place their trust particularly in the process rather than the attitudes and ideas of the individuals involved. One of the major features of procedural trust is that it signifies the importance of placing trust in the procedure other than the attributes of an individual (SlideShare Inc.2012). In order to solve the conflict situations relating to non-acceptance of the rules by the employees and violation of maintaining the working guidelines which set by the higher authorities, the organization can apply both interpersonal as well as procedural trust associated with trust model as an effective strategy. From the perspective of interpersonal trust linked with Trust model, the aforementioned conflict situation can be solved as it largely encourages the parties i.e. the employees to emphasize upon their common interests as well as solutions. Moreover, interpersonal trust focuses upon two significant aspects which include skill improvement and communication between employees and t he higher authorities of an organization. The constant development of these factors might ultimately address the aforementioned conflict situations which are related to first week’s assignment. From the viewpoint of procedural trust, the aforesaid conflict situations of an organization can be addressed and solved as it encourages the employees to believe in the process in order to attain a favorable resolve connected with any disputes with the management of an organization (SAGE Publications. 2012). I/R/P model I/R/P model generally stands for interests, rights or power model which is regarded as a basic, broad and applicable process that can diagnose almost all dispute or conflict situations of an organization by a considerable level. This model recognizes three essential methods that can be uses to solve organizational conflicts. The methods have been described hereunder (Furlong, 2005). Interest-Based Processes This process is about reconciling or finding a solution which complies with the interest of the parties. Interest based approaches are more consensual and successful when both the parties are able to protect their respective interests (Furlong, 2005). Rights-Based Processes This process focuses upon securing the rights of the involved parties in the conflict situations by paying much attention to different sources of rights which include any laws, statutes, policies, contacts, policies and past practices among others (Furlong, 2005). Power Based Processes Th

Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay John Steinbeck, the American author of this emotional novel, was bought up in Salinas. His family owned a lot of land, therefore meaning he was quite rich. He went to university to study writing and left without a degree as he dropped out half way through the course. However he took up work as a labourer and a journalist. I noticed how Steinbecks background really inspired him to write a book like Of Mice and Men. It shows how he wants to let out all his emotions as a child into this book. He, George and Lennie have a lot in common. The American Dream is belief in the freedom that allows all citizens and residents of the United States to achieve their goals in life through hard work. Everyone has a dream that they want to achieve somewhere in their lifetime. There are two different types of The American Dream. The first is the entitlement of land- freedom, just like George and Lennies dream. The other is luck, fame and money just like Curleys wifes dream in the book. In 1929 the Wall Street Crash was introduced which led to on going recession. This also led to failed businesses, harsh poverty and long term unemployment. At this point men couldnt afford to have families so therefore men travelled alone just like George and Lennie. There was no heath care so the only hope left was dreams. The book is called Of Mice and Men but is that what it has always been called? The actual title was Something that happened. This suggests something that you as the reader were not involved in. Steinbeck also wrote this book as a detached narrator, so he as well was not involved in the action. He began writing it in early 1936 and it was published in 1937. The book was immediately successful. Even now this book shows so much meaning of how The American Dream was so important to the people in the 1930s. This was because dreams were the only thing American people had to depend on. Dreams can take you away from the real world. A dream can sometimes make a person be very selfish. Sometimes you need to come away from your dream and think about others. Throughout the first chapter of Of Mice and Men is just setting the scene. The first time we saw George and Lennie was in an open pool. They soon find a bunk house with lots of other men to share with. The ranch where both men worked was in Salinas, where Steinbeck himself was brought up. Steinbeck was showing that the settings were slowly closing in so you feel more isolated. Steinbeck produces two very different characters which are most like him. That is the reason why both characters have such a major roll to play. George and Lennie have the most unique bond throughout Of Mice and Men. Both have gone though very hard times with Lennie being retarded and George having to keep a constant eye on him and not being able to pursue his dream alone. We start to get an image that Lennie has a disability in the early stages of the book, just the way he behaves. Lennie dipped his whole head under, hat and all. Look George. Look what I done. This shows us that Lennie has a child-like mind and wants to impress and please George. It is very enigmatic that two men are travelling together, alone. However this was very typical to do this at the time because of societys pressure. What is very astonishing about Lennie and George is that they are both very different from each other. Lennie is a big man who has a disability because he got hit by a horse when he was younger. George is a complete contrast to Lennie as he is a small man always aware of what is going on around him and conscious of what is happening. George and Lennie both have a dream but are not necessarily the same. Steinbeck represents this by describing in such detail what they want together. We could live offa the fatta the lan. The irony is about the countryside they are in, it is rich. They are living of the bounty of nature. Money and family are not mentioned in the dream. It provides them with everything they need. We could have a few pigs. When the fruit come in we could can it. Every Sunday wed kill a chicken or a rabbit. Steinbeck uses we a lot in the dream. It shows that the dreamed is shared between Lennie and George. The repetition emphasises this. Steinbeck creates the dream mainly by using dialogue. By having George and Lennie discuss their dream together allows the reader to have a sense that they have been planning this dream together and not alone. George and Lennies interpretation of the dream is slightly different. Lennie wants to tend the rabbits as he likes feeling soft things. George also has a dream of his own. He could get a job, eat at any place he likes, stay in a hotel, and get a gallon of whisky. However Lennie is stopping him from doing all of this. George needs Lennie and Lennie needs George. All George wants is love and affection and he knows he cant get that, because after everything that has gone on, it is hard. George is still with Lennie because Lennie himself is a big man so he can protect George from other people. Lennie is stopping George from achieving many dreams, but the reason why George is still with him is because Lennie is the only person George has got. George has no family nor does he have friends. He only has Lennie. George has a short temper and lashes out at Lennie very often verbally. Lennie is a fragile man who doesnt like seeing his comrade like this. You can tell that they both care about each other an awful lot. Another way that Steinbeck represents the American Dream is how Candy lost his companion. Candy had a lot of dreams when his dog was alive. This is because the dog had been through everything with him, but now that he and his dog was getting old there was only one thing left for Carlson to do. A shot sounded. Candys dream had just been killed. The second that bullet hit that dog, Candys dreams were shattered. His dog was a part of Candys dreams A dream could be in the in the past or the future. In Candys case it was all in the past. His dog had been through everything with him. This is a similarity between George and Lennie who have also been through everything with each other. Candy knows that nobody could ever replace his dog. Slim offers him any of the pups but Candy just remained silent. Candy feels that he cant achieve anything without his dog anymore. That is why he he lays in his bed silent for a long time. He treats the dog like a human, as part of his family, someone really close. That is what makes Candy be so silent for a long period of time. As Candy lays there silent on his bed he overhears George and Lennie talking about their dream. Again Steinbeck reveals the dream by dialogue. They talk about how one day they are going to get out of the ranch and live offa the fatta the lan. As Candy listens to their dream in such detail he asks if he can be a part of it. An old dream has ended but a new one is just beginning. Dreams are pacific to an individual however sometimes a dream could be a part of a team. This is exactly what Candy wants to do with George and Lennie. He wants to share their dream and be a part of it. After all shared dreams are much stronger than individual ones. Steinbeck now introduces and individual character that defines him from the rest of the ranchers. Crooks is the only black man on the ranch therefore he is excluded from society. He is separated by being pushed into a disassociated room. He is not allowed to socialise with the other ranchers because of his race. In the 1930s Americans were against anyone who were coloured. These people would not get treated fairly and would usually get beaten up just for the colour of their skin. Crooks father did not want him socialising with white people because he knew that they will abuse him. The American Dream is about equality of all men. This is where Crooks rights come in. The irony here is that segregation leads to a better life. A very unusual thing about Crooks is that he is the only one who can read; hence conveying that he is very well educated. We know that Crooks has already had his dream just by the way in which he speaks to Lennie. Crooks and Lennie both have a disability. Although he feels appreciated that Lennie is around him, Crooks speaks in a very negative manner about Lennies dream. An never a God damn one of em ever gets it. Crooks is contradicting to Lennie that dreams can never be achieved. However if you dont try to achieve your dream, it will never come true. Crooks suddenly changes his mind about the dream and hesitates as he asks Lennie if he could be a part of the dream too. Crooks dream is about having those long dark nights alone change by having people talk to him and communicate with him. His dream is all about regaining sense of belonging with others. Crooks heart wants the dream but his mind is not allowing him achieve it because his background has knocked his courage. We know from the American Dream, his experiences in the past have made him so brittle and angry. However Crooks can be very venerable to people that are more powerful than him, such as Curleys wife. Steinbeck introduces another unique character into Of Mice and Men. Curleys wife is the only girl on the ranch therefore she is also excluded from society. Even though she is more powerful than Crooks, she is not all that different from him. Both are very lonely and want someone to talk to. Both are at a disadvantage, Crooks with his race and Curleys wife with her gender. Curleys wife does not know what to do in life. We know her dream was to be an actress, but was crushed by her very own mother. Now her dream is to be more grown up. She dresses like an adult with make-up, her hair done up and a stylish dress. However she is still described by Steinbeck as a girl. A girl was standing there. She wants to be respected from the men all around her. Being the only woman in the ranch can be intimidating. In the 1930s woman were less valued than men. They had fewer rights. The reason why she married Curley is to get some attention and be more respected because he was the ranchers son. Curleys wife is a mercenary; she married him for his money and as a rebound for her loss as an actress. Curley is very much respected by all the men so Curleys wife married him so all the men could look up to her just as they do to Curley. Curleys wife unexpectedly lets her true feelings out to Lennie. I dont like Curley. He aint a nice fella. This shows that she is using him but at the same time Curley is using his wife. However Curleys wife moved to the countryside to get a better life but after two weeks she found out that she had made a mistake. She already hasnt got a good reputation. All the men think she is a bit of a tart. Two weeks married, and got the eye. This shows that she hasnt been married to Curley for a short period of time and yet she is being judged already just the by the way she looks and dresses. Curley says he keepin that hand soft for his wife. We instantly know that Curley himself is an abuser. We know this because his dream was to become a boxer. Having not achieved this dream he converts it into abusing women. Curleys wife is a lot more than what she looks. There is always a person inside who has a dream. The death of Curleys wife is very significant of Steinbecks treatment of the theme of the American Dream. We know this because Lennie was the one who shook her, shook her so much that he broke her neck, and killed her. Lennies character is very timid, so expectedly her runs away, trying to hide from society. We as the reader know Lennies dreams are going to come to an end, but we dont know how. That is how Steinbeck creates the atmosphere which makes the reader what to carry on. Lennie was the one who killed Curleys wifes dreams, so now Curley is going to kill his. When Lennie dies, the whole dream dies. We know that both Lennie and George do not have a family. They have each other instead. They care about one another which makes them so unique. I want you to stay with me here. This shows that even know Lennie thinks George is going to give him hell, he isnt. He cares about Lennie and he knows that if he doesnt kill Lennie himself now that the other ranch men will kill him, brutally. George slowly but in a clever way kills Lennie. He has made the choice of how Lennie is going to die. This is a complete contrast of how Candys dog died. George keeps the American Dream alive so it is the last thing that Lennie remembers. Steinbeck describes the dream in such detail so we can actually picture it ourselves. Lennie remembers that one day they could live offa the fatta the lan. Lennie has no idea of what George is building up to do. However we as readers know what is going to happen. Steinbeck builds up suspense of how George gradually kills Lennie. George describes how they are going to live with pigs and chickens. This is typical of the American Dream, a chance to get rich and have land. However that dream was collapsing all around them as they live in a poor barn house where all the men share the same room. Lennie is very reluctant about why George has forgiven him. Lennie says that he might as well just go away to show that after George said if I was alone I could live so easy. Lennie thinks by doing this it would make George happy. We know that if George kills Lennie, he could no longer for fill his dreams without his companion. Gradually Lennie gets very excited about their dream. Lets get that place now. That is when George pulls the trigger and lets Lennie go, for good. George made this choice of killing his best friend. Of what looks horrific, he is actually doing Lennie a massive favour. He was going to be killed anyway so why not do it with a blissful memory rather than a bloody one.

Treaty On The Non Proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons Politics Essay

Treaty On The Non Proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons Politics Essay Without any doubt nuclear technology has molded the modern world. Political and military power has been redefined, so too have alliances and enmities been reshaped to fit a world defined by such a destructive technology. On examination of various sources, it will become evident that the introduction of nuclear power not only led to the definitive shift of super-power status from France and Britain to America, but also the struggle to emerge as and the eventual prevalence of America over the Soviet Union as the unstated world leader. In light of this political and military hierarchy, nuclear technology has been the foundation for alliance and antagonism between nuclear states, non-nuclear states and suspected nuclear states. The non-proliferation treaty and the terms it encompasses have created a mitigating body of confederates but also the alienation of non-conformist countries. Below it will be discussed with reference to multiple sources how our world has we know it has evolved into a sensitive scale; held in balance by Mutually Assured Destruction, and at constant risk of tipping due to the decreasing applicability of M.A.D. theory to newly empowered nations. Review Of Literature Summary Of Evidence Source A: The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy Evident immediately in the source is the role nuclear capability had in arousing tensions, but preventing an escalation into all out war, between the United States and The Soviet Union. The military capability on both sides of the Iron Curtain dictated that hot war would lead to the annihilation of both super-powers. Thus, the immense fear of the opponent led to massive tensions arousing between the two largest military powers of the time. While it can be argued that M.A.D. resulted in a relatively stable environment, due to the absence of direct, armed conflict between the nuclear giants, many have criticized the restrictions that M.A.D. placed on America. In fear of self-destruction, the U.S. was unable to topple the Soviet regime, and therefore M.A.D. propagated the survival of an evil empire. However, the balance of military capability is beginning to favor the west. America is on the verge of surpassing the nuclear ability of China and Russia. Consequentially, the United States sits at the top of the international hierarchy; emerging as an unstated world leader. Source B: Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Nuclear technology has opened up a forum for discussion and engagement between many, otherwise unrelated, countries. Originally signed by fifty-nine states and the three primary signatories; the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, the nuclear non-proliferation treaty has led to an alliance between the world powers and many developing nations. As a tacit requirement of the treaty, countries with nuclear capability are obliged to assist developing signatories in the pursuit and construction of civilian nuclear power. This cooperation was unseen before July 1968 and can be attributed to the discussions around the restriction of nuclear armament. Conversely, those who have not opted to accept the treaty have imposed a rift between themselves and the signatories defined by a distrust of their nuclear intensions. India, Pakistan and Israel are the only three countries to have refused to partake in the NPT, and later North Korea (a former signatory) renounced the treaty in the name of pursuing a nuclear program. Thus, the alliance and cooperation amongst signatory states does not extend to the aforementioned outliers. The inequality of the NPT outlines the international hierarchy established within the confines of nuclear politics. The nuclear powers (in effect, America) were not required to renounce their nuclear arsenal whereas nonnuclear nations were obliged to forgo any nuclear development. This preferential agreement displays the influence and authority accompanying nuclear ability. Source C: Iran Tests Missiles Amid Nuclear Tensions In September of 2009 two noteworthy events occurred in Iran. President Ahmadinejad announced Iranian intention to build a second uranium enrichment facility, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps began testing a range of missile-launching systems. Normally, the USA tends to encourage the development of defense forces in order to build good will between nations. However, coupled with Irans pursuit of nuclear technology (of military capability disguised as a civilian power program according to American theory) has led to an incredibly fearful and skeptical response from the west. I see it as a significant step forward in terms of Irans capacity to deliver weapons. Said Gary Samore special assistant to the president on nonproliferation. Most worrying is the news that Iran may now possess surface-to surface missiles capable of delivering a nuclear warhead to parts of Europe. The cautious view of Iran and its intentions would undoubtedly have escalated tensions within Europe, and further Alienated the United States. Source D: Saudi Arabia Wont Wait For West On Irans Nuclear Program Revealed through wikileaks was the growing tension within the Middle East between previously allied states. Countries such as Jordan, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia have gravitated towards The United States in the hope of a military intervention in Iran. However, the circumstances of the time (economic and political) have led to America Taking a far softer stance in regard to the Iranian nuclear program sanctions. This approach has been largely dismissed by Iran, which has now revealed a third nuclear reactor and has declared no intention to forgo their nuclear projects. The growing confidence of Iran, which has faced no tangible consequences, has bolstered the certainty of subversive groups. The backing of these protà ©gà ©s by Iran has led to an increasing threat from terrorist organizations and separatist groups further exacerbating tensions and fear within the Middle East. This fear has led to two scenarios: Firstly, many countries have gravitated towards the nuclear power Pakistan; in the hope of protection and deterrence. Secondly, countries such as Saudi Arabia have opted to join the nuclear ranks and enter into the arms race for themselves. In order to kick-start this project, the close relations between Pakistan and its allies have led to discourse regarding the assistance in nuclear development. The primary fear is the possibility of nuclear weapons falling into the hands of illegitimate groups, where the threat of an attack is exponentially compounded. The logical course of action is the continued decay of stability, relations and security the world over all due to the nuclear development in previously unintimidating countries. Source E: Iraq Defeated Militarily 26th February 1991 Iraq gave way to United Nations forces and surrendered. This marked the end of the official the Persian-Gulf War of 1990, although lesser fighting continued to take place until the 28th. Iraq was being dominated militarily and was left no choice but to retreat under fire from a primarily American, armed attack. Extensive force was used to the point where Iraqi militants were being annihilated. Many attacks were thought to have left no survivors. Between twenty and twenty-six thousand Iraqi militants are thought to have been killed, as well as two thousand three hundred civilians. This military defeat is considered to have been a total domination favouring the Western forces. This source outlines the tangible impact of military force where diplomacy and discourse have failed. Although Iraq refused to abide by the demands of the UN to withdraw from Kuwait, there was no other choice by February 1991. Source F: Member States of the IAEA The International Atomic Energy Association was founded on29th July 1957 by 18 states amongst which were America, Russia and South Africa. Following Dominica and Papua New Guineas joining of the Agency in 2012, the IAEA now has 154 members. India and Pakistan are both members of the IAEA and Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea withdrew from the agency on the 13th June 1994. Source G: The IAEA Mission Statement The IAEA is a branch of the United Nations that serves as a forum for nuclear cooperation. The agency assists its member states with the development of nuclear technology for peaceful uses i.e. generating electricity. All member states are bound by the non-proliferation treaty and are bound to only use their acquired knowledge for non-military purposes. As the IAEA is made up of many different countries of varying nuclear capabilities, there would be a large amount of interaction between countries with otherwise few connections. Source H: Nuclear power: If Japan and Germany dont need it, why does anyone? Japan and Germany are the worlds third and fourth largest economies respectively. Following the Fukushima disaster, Germany and Japan discarded plans to build a number of new nuclear reactors. Currently, 30% of Japans electricity is provided by nuclear reactors and 25% of Germanys. The United Kingdom relies ofar less on nuclear power but aims to increase their nuclear electricity supply by building a number of new reactors. This article shows a movement away from nuclear energy and towards renewable recourses. A counter-argument is therefore put forward stating that the time of nuclear technology could be coming to an end, or at the very least nuclear technology is not as important as it may seem. Evaluation of Sources The Rise Of Nuclear Primacy Origin www.foreignaffairs.com is a reputable website dedicated to the interpretation of international incidents and the discussion thereof. This particular article was penned by Kier A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press in 2006. Purpose The article was written specifically to clarify the international pyramid. Where previously America and the Soviet Union stood on equal footing, followed closely by China, the world paradigm is now defined by American supremacy. This shift in authority and power has had a significant impact on world politics and diplomacy and needed to be outlined. Value Revealed by this source is the primary importance of nuclear power over almost all resources at a countrys disposal. Although both Russia and China outnumber America in manpower, the slightest nuclear advantage has dictated America to be the inevitable victor of a confrontation. In their military confidence, the US carries far more authority over the world, as displayed in unilateral action in Iraq in 2003 and Americas primary position within the NATO operations in Libya. The source further reveals that the uneasy alliance that existed between the US and the during the cold war Soviet Union was a direct result of nuclear capability. Should the threat of nuclear annihilation of both parties be absent, many incidences would have undoubtedly led to armed conflict. So although the relationship between the US and the USSR was astonishingly hostile, in comparison to the all-out clash that would have occurred on the battlefield, the relationship was a civil alliance. Limitation The limitation of this article lies in its theoretical foundation. There has never been an actual nuclear conflict in order to validate a claim that either party has absolute supremacy. However, the factual basis behind these theories (the comparative size of each nations nuclear arsenal) leads the source to maintain a great deal of validity. Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Origin This source was taken from the Encyclopedia Britannica; entry by Laurence D. Freedman. The Encyclopedia Britannica is amongst the most notable reference series in the world. Covering a wide range of topics, Encyclopedia Britannica is considered a reliable source of information covering a wide variety of topics. Purpose This article serves to clarify the history, nature, requirements and signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Evident from this article is the primary importance of three actors, The USA, the USSR and the UK, in the treaty. All three are nuclear powers and considered the primary signatories of the treaty. Thus the weight of a nuclear arsenal is identified. More so, as the treaty has been signed by all but three countries (Israel, Pakistan and India) we can see how central nuclear technology is to global politics. By refusing to participate in the treaty and thereby excluding themselves from the international forum, these three nations have alienated themselves and eliminated any negotiating authority or legitimacy that would accompany signing the treaty. Value The Non-proliferation treaty is uniquely unequal, as it obliges nonnuclear states to forgo development of nuclear weapons while allowing the established nuclear states to keep theirs. This one statement outlines the crux of the primary argument: with nuclear power comes great authority. The nuclear powers have dictated the terms of an unequal treaty and nonnuclear states have accepted these terms in the hope that the superpowers will assist them in developing nuclear power. Even though this inequality has been a great target for criticism it remains prominent due to the pull and influence of the primary signatories. Even though the NPT is widely accepted, the prospect of nuclear technology has led several countries to disregard it and pursue their own nuclear programs. Iraq, for example, is suspected of building uranium enrichment facilities and North Korea has simply left the treaty. This proves the value of nuclear technology over international coherency and cooperation. Limitation The source is both credited and limited by the lack of interpretation. The mere statement of facts minimizes the bias that would occur; however as these facts are not discussed they may be misinterpreted. Furthermore, the author of the article had carte blanche in deciding which information would be included. Therefore, it is highly probable that information, which would create a negative perception, or an overly positive perception, of any party, was excluded in order to maintain the image of objectivity. I.e. accuracy of the source may have been sacrificed to preserve illusional impartiality. Iran Tests Missiles Amid Nuclear Tension Origin CNN, an internationally acclaimed news agency released this article in 2009 on their global website. This article was written by one of their many journalists and is available to the public under the World heading of their website. Purpose In order to emphasize Irans deliberate aggravation of hostility during an already aggressive period, CNN publicized their testing of missile systems that could potentially be used for long-range nuclear attack. The article also served to exhibit Americas stance on Iran. Namely that Iran is perusing nuclear weaponry and the capacity to utilize it in warfare in the near future. Value From this evidence we can conclude that Iran is gaining significance within international politics. Until now a relatively unintimidating foe, Iran has gained status as a formidable force. This was achieved through the mere suspicion of a nuclear arsenal, highlighting the weight behind this destructive technology. Limitation As a reputable media agency, CNN is committed to uphold a journalistic ethic that would minimize the bias exhibited in the article. As much as possible, the facts are merely stated and personal agenda is set aside. Nevertheless, as a western news agency there is a high likely hood of a minimal bias exhibiting itself within the article, as the article tends to insinuate that Iran is a substantial threat to international security. Saudi Arabia Wont Wait For West On Irans Nuclear Program Origin This article was originally published on a website dedicated to discussion revolving around the Middle East: http://ww.al-monitor.com. It was written by an Israeli author; Eli Avidar and published by Maariv in Israel. Purpose The purpose of this article was to demonstrate that it is not only the West that fears the Iranian nuclear power; there are multiple Islamic nations that denounce the project and wish to see the end of Irans nuclear projects. This information enhances the gravity of the Middle Eastern nuclear crisis by reinforcing the danger radiating from Iran. Value In light of this incredible danger, the tensions are clarified and the significance of nuclear power in global politics is made explicit. The source goes further to highlight the importance of nuclear powers in the global hierarchy. America is sought after as a protector and this proves fruitless Pakistan is identified as a valuable ally purely due to their nuclear knowledge. Limitation However, there is clear bias in the source. The article was written by an Israeli and published by an Israeli company. Since Israel is a traditional enemy and antagonist of Iran, it is certain that the article would denounce Iran and present a point of view opposed to any project that could place Israel at risk. Thus, there is a distinct lack of fairness with regard to the representation of Irans intentions or capabilities. Consequentially, it is not well-defined whether or not there are such exasperated tensions in the Middle East, or if nuclear weapons play such a significant role in a nations international standing. Method Nuclear technology is a broad area with many applications. I chose to examine how nuclear technology has affected global relationships, both military and diplomatic. The reason why I chose this topic is because of past material covered in class; outlining mutual assured destruction, the Cuban missile crisis as well as the general hostility between the USA and the USSR. Before I began my investigation I read a number of useful Internet sites in order to better my background knowledge of nuclear weaponry. I also watched a documentary detailing the events of August 6th and 8th 1945. These sites had information regarding which states are seeking nuclear power, which states already have nuclear power, past uses of the technology (both civilian and military), as well as conflicts that have resulted (both indirectly and directly) from nuclear technology. Ultimately, I chose eight of the aforementioned websites to Include in my project. I then summarized each source and selected exactly whic h information was most relevant to my topic. This information would then be used to make specific points and draw conclusions within my assignment. For me, the primary benefit of this project was the discovery of vast quantities of historical information. Through this enlightenment, I was able to rationalize and clarify the impact of nuclear technology on the world I live in. Furthermore, this project afforded me the opportunity to develop argumentative skills using a reservoir of knowledge to ground and substantiate my ideas. Although I had a general direction in which I wished to proceed when I began my project, I lacked the necessary knowledge. This assignment therefore allowed me to develop my ability to research and enlighten myself in order to present enlightened and concise arguments. I enjoyed to opportunity to delve into a historical archive and make the connection between the world that was, the world that is and the factors that have shaped it as such. Processing of Findings Nuclear power is the defining characteristic of the twenty-first century. Political and military interactions are embedded with nuclear agenda, which has both shaped alliances and seen to their erosion. Below it will be discussed, with reference to multiple sources, how the USA has capitalized on their nuclear supremacy in order to establish themselves as the dominant, global super-power, the non-proliferation treaty (NPT) has set the foundation for the alliances and hostility present today and how the destructive capacity of nuclear weaponry has outweighed all other agenda and held the world in balance when chaos seemed imminent. The only definitive method of implementing global policy is armed conflict. Although the UN is able to pass binding resolutions, should a country merely dismiss these policies there is little the international community can do to ensure their implementation. Such was the case in 1990 when Iraq invaded Kuwait. Despite international condemnation of the move, Iraqi occupation of Kuwait continued until 1991 when the US general Powell announced the liberation of Kuwait as having been achieved. This liberation was achieved through a massive military intervention resulting in up to twenty-six-thousand Iraqi military casualties. (Source E) From this it is evident as to the rudimental nature of military supremacy in dictating international affairs. So what can be concluded of modern day supremacy? According to source A, America has surpassed Russian and Chinese in nuclear capability. In the past, there was a tangible prospect of America suffering a defeat due to the equal nuclear power of the USSR. The USSR therefore served as the only regulatory body on the United States in terms of limiting action through military force. Today, that regulation no longer exists. Should America act in a way that would ignite such large-scale warfare, the destruction of any opposition would be guaranteed by the USs military arsenal. The US is willing to resort to nuclear options; should the situation become so dire as demonstrated in 1945 with the nuclear strike on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Effectively, America holds Carte Blanche and sits atop the global hierarchy of superpowers, and until such a time as a realistic opponent emerges; the American way is the only way. In light of depleting energy sources, nuclear energy has become a focal point for developing nations. Since 1957, one hundred and fifty-four nations have joined the International Atomic Energy Agency with the primary aim of developing nuclear power in their own country, and a secondary goal of assisting the construction of atomic power by signatory states. (Sources F;G) This international co-operation is on a massive scale; rarely seen in past politics. The pursuit of nuclear power has led to diplomatic relations between highly unlikely parties, such as India and Pakistan (both having joined the agency in 1957) outlining the notable impact that nuclear technology has had on transnational politics. The IAEA is a shining example of how nuclear technology has brought nations together; similar to the non-proliferation treaty. The primary objective of the NPT is nuclear disarmament and a hindered development of nuclear weaponry. (Sources B) This treaty consists of signatories ranging from superpower status, such as the USA, to non-nuclear countries and has provided a platform for diplomacy and mutual progress. Thus, a basis for alliance has been formed which serves as a deterrent for any member to act in detriment of NPT signatory nations. Conversely, the NPT has embedded a fault between member and non-member parties. Those countries that have refused to sign the treaty (i.e. Israel, Pakistan and India) and those that have opted out (i.e. North Korea) have severely limited their ability to interact with the global community and form such alliances. (Source B) Consequently, the alliance and beneficial cooperation that exists due to membership of the NPT do not extend to these rogue nations. The question looms: Why would they refuse to sign the treaty if their nuclear intentions were peaceful and condonable? This question would give rise to substantial fear and tension towards the NPT outliers. While it is evident that nuclear technology has set the foundation for the interaction and collaboration of global parties, as well as the minor disassociation of other states, nuclear power continues to provoke hostility and antipathy today. In September 2007, Iran launched short, medium and long ranged missiles in a series of tests they called The Great Prophet 4 (Payghamber-e Azam 4). These tests closely followed an announcement by Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad informing the world that Iran had begun construction of another uranium enrichment facility. There is already speculation, primarily by Israel and America, that Iran intends to acquire nuclear weaponry, and this suspicion has realigned the perception of Irans missile test. (Source C) Without a nuclear threat, the international community would have respected advancements in the military capabilities of a nation. However, the intensive fear surrounding atomic arsenals has lead to a defensive reaction by the West, as well as an escalation of the tensions that today are feared will lead to all-out war. This is a primary example of how nuclear technology has forced a rift between Iran and the USA and reshaped international politics in favour of a substantial enmity. However, nuclear technology has not only reinforced the relationships that were in place previously. The Arab nations of the Middle East have been able to preserve relatively stable relationships with one another. Nevertheless, Iranian nuclear pursuits have lead Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Jordan and The United Arab Emirates to seek closer ties to the West in dread of the consequences should Iran reach nuclear superpower status. (Source D) Thus, there has been a substantial shift in the Middle Eastern paradigm that has lead to the dissolution of what has previously been considered an unwavering coalition. Faced with growing unrest, the world has looked to find any mitigating force to prevent the implosion of modern society. Ironically, the only force powerful enough to prevent nuclear action is the threat of nuclear action. Referring once again to source B, it becomes obvious that large-scale warfare between the USA and the USSR was prevented by the prospect of the other resorting to nuclear attack. Due to the magnitude of the nuclear arsenals on both sides of the Iron Curtain, a nuclear strike would be met with equal force before the strike could be completed. This back and forth of nuclear warheads would ultimately result in the annihilation of both superpowers. The prospect of reciprocal ruin was coined MAD Mutual Assured Destruction. (Source A) MAD has been a pinnacle point in the peace process by preventing warfare at a level scarcely imaginable. Nuclear weaponry is the only foolproof asset in assuring that cold war remains cold. Clearly, the ultimate power in our world today is nuclear power; whether it is destruction or peace, alliance or hostility, nuclear weaponry is an irremovable part of the political process. There are many who believe that the impact of nuclear technology is lessening. Recently, Germany and Japan have taken substantial to reduce future dependency on nuclear energy. Both countries have aborted projects to build further nuclear power stations despite nuclear powers enormous contribution towards their total energy provision. (Source H) This displays a different mentality; nuclear technology is replaceable. There is obviously very little regard for the value of nuclear power on behalf of the aforementioned countries and in such they have removed all ability for other countries to base alliances, enmities or any negotiations on nuclear leverage short of a direct threat. It can be argued that the only power nuclear power has is that which we give it. By giving nuclear power no standing, Japan and Germany have freed themselves from the bonds of an atomic civilization. From this point of view, nuclear power is largely irrelevant. However, this stance has ignored the weaponry aspect of nuclear technology. As nuclear weaponry is the most powerful to date, it still plays a pivotal role in armed conflict both preventative measure and as a tool for leverage. Furthermore, the article that discusses Germany and Japans valiant move to halt nuclear development also considers the sizeable nuclear infrastructure already in place. The existing nuclear power plants provide Thirty percent of Japans electricity and twenty-five percent of Germanys. Therefore, the source contradicts itself and highlights the immense importance of nuclear technology. Conclusion From the evidence presented it is conclusive that nuclear power has been central to the evolution to an American headed world governed by nations of power and undermined by unpredictability. The extent of nuclear threat remains unknown, due to factors such as MAD theory, however one thing is certain: society lives and breathes at the discretion of the men with artillery. A century ago this was unimaginable, but with the development of nuclear weaponry the total destruction of cities, countries and more has become an all too real possibility. In the forthcoming years Russian nuclear threat is minimal, however the West is wary of the rapidly advancing Iranian nuclear program as well as nuclear ability of nations such as North Korea. However, the world is dominated by the most formidable of the nuclear giants the United States of America. Through their dominance, the USA holds a trump card in dictating the ultimate end of any global decision. After all, the only definitive force in international politics is military force. The subject of nuclear development has led to the formation of alliances and cooperative, as is the case for Pakistan and India, America and Israel and much more. It has also severed ties between the closest of friends and reinforced the hostility between the bitterest of enemies. For example, Saudi Arabia and Iran, and America and Iran. Nuclear power has also presented itself as a means of preserving peace, as unstable as it may be, rather than only being a tool for war. This was exhibited in the cold war in the unstable, but non-violent relationship between America and Russia. While many believe that nuclear technology is becoming decreasingly relevant, the entrenchment of nuclear power, weaponry and diplomacy in society today cannot be ignored. There is no dodging the issue; we live in an atomic world governed by nuclear politics. We rise and sleep under the protection of a nuclear blanket that exists to counteract a nuclear threat. Nuclear technology has shaped the world in conformity with the convenience of nuclear powers and set the foundation for many expanding nations to develop. Nuclear technology has played such a pivotal role in the development of modern-day Earth, that the sun may as well be a light bulb powered by Koeberg Nuclear Power Station.

fuel cell technology :: essays research papers

Fuel cell technology 1 Running head: FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY: TRANSPORTATION AND RESIDENTAL/ COMMERICAL APPLICATIONS Fuel Cell Technology: Transportation and residential/commercial applications   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monique University 2 A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. A fuel cell converts the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in the process it produces electricity. With a fuel cell, chemicals constantly flow into the cell so it never goes dead as long as there is a flow of chemicals into the cell, the electricity flows out of the cell. Most fuel cells in use today use hydrogen and oxygen as the chemicals. Fuel cell provides a DC (direct current voltage that can be used to power motors, lights or any number of electrical appliances. The fuel cell will compete with many other types of energy conversion devices, including the gas turbine in your city's power plant, the gasoline engine in your car and the battery in your laptop. Combustion engines like the turbine and the gasoline engine burn fuels and use the pressure created by the expansion of the gases to do mechanical work. Batteries converted chemical energy back into electrical energy when needed. Fuel cells should do both tasks more efficiently. Fuel cells improve battered powered cars and gasoline powered cars more efficiently. Fuel-cell-powered electric cars are powered with pure hydrogen. It has the potential to be up to 80% 3 efficient, and with today’s gas prices that would be wonderful. The efficiency of a gasoline-powered car is surprisingly low. All of the heat that comes out as exhaust or goes into the radiator is wasted energy. The engine also uses a lot of energy turning the various pumps, fans and generators that keep it going. So the overall efficiency of an automotive gas engine is about 20%. That is, only about 20% of the thermal-energy content of the gasoline is converted into mechanical work. The efficiency of an electric car is 72% for the car, 40% for the power plant and 90% for charging the car. That gives an overall efficiency of 26%. The overall efficiency varies considerably depending on what sort of power plant is used. If the electricity for the car is generated by a hydroelectric plant for instance, then it is basically free (we didn't burn any fuel to generate it), and the efficiency of the electric car is about 65%.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4 Efficiency is not the only consideration, however. People will not drive a car just because it is the most efficient if it makes them change their behavior.

Essay --

Brian McGrath Mr. Miller Accelerated US History I 25 February 2014 In the early part of the 18th century, the British government implemented salutary neglect toward its colonies with limited engagement in economic and political affairs. From across the Atlantic, Britain enacted protocols such the Navigation Laws and the Molasses Act, but enforcement of such trade regulation was minimal. The colonists and British existed in symbiosis. The colonists benefited from a relationship without great limitations and displayed a friendly and appreciative attitude toward the British; the British held the colonists on a long leash and reaped the benefits of the fertile and productive land offered by the New World. However, the French and Indian War drastically altered this mother-daughter relationship, significantly changing the ideological, political, and economic association between Great Britain and its American colonies. When the British saw the necessity for imperial control, colonists were repulsed by the unexpected disrespect they received. The aftermath of the war revealed British politi...

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay -- Literary Analysis

Following the fall of the great Roman Empire a new age was born, the age of knights in shining amour and the great kings in stone castles. Yet, it was also a chaotic time, War and plague was a disease upon Europe. Countries fought for land, resources, and above all, the attention of God. The world was young and so was the English Language. Few writers wrote in English, the language of the commoners, as French and Latin was the Language of the powerful à ©lite. Yet one writer dared to speak against the feudal society of which he was born into. Geoffrey Chaucer served most of his life in the employment of the crown, as both a soldier and a clerk. Yet through all of these titles, Chaucer would be forever immortalized as Geoffrey Chaucer the writer, and the Satirist. The true goal of any Satire is to point out the flaws in certain aspect of society, while also inspiring reform to that very same aspect in one way or another. In Chaucer’s Canterbury tales, Chaucer satirizes the co rruption Catholic Church and those associated. Chaucer saw that hypocrisy polluted the pureness of the church and expressed his disillusionment through the use of satire. Fearless of discommunication Geoffrey Chaucer, the father of satire, dared to speak openly of the absolute corruption of the medieval church. Medieval society was centered on the flawed Catholic Church, where hypocrisy and corruption poisoned the purity of religion. When one individual spoke against the way the church‘s way, the church would simply retaliate. One such example is that of Joan of Arc, a French farm girl turned soldier. The Church was outraged at her choices, performing deeds that were reserved for men. Joan wore men’s clothing and wore her hair short as to avoid being the s... ...t man in a time of great despair. Through the greatness of his actions, satirically pointing out the corruption in the Catholic church, Chaucer earned a reputation as one of the greatest writers in the English language. Fearless of the Church’s retaliation, Chaucer continued to educate his audience, the English speaking commoners of Medieval Europe, who had long been taken advantage of by the Church, becoming one the greatest and first English satirist and the Father of English satire. Works Cited Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales in Modern Verse . â€Å"The Prologue†. Hackett Publishing Company, INC. United States of America, 2005. Chaucer, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Canterbury tales: The Prologue†. Our Literary Heritage. Ed. Desmond Pacey. 4th ed. Montreal, Que.: Mcgraw-Hill Ryerson ltd., 1982. Shaw, Bernard. Saint Joan. Penguin books, London 1952.

B2B – Product Marketing Plan.rev1

The vison of the wool manufacturing sector of Australia is to expand its export sales to emerging markets in the ASEAN region. Emerging markets are those of the developing countries with high demand on basic raw materials for clothing manufacturing and other industries related to uses of fiber, plus the corollary products from the same category of industry. Emerging markets maybe from developing countries, rather than highly developed ones. The mission would be to penetrate these emerging markets, create a foothold with the right liaison procedures and obtain long term contracts for wool, wool products and its ancillaries.The main objective is to increase the export revenues of the wool manufacturing sector, thereby contributing to the GNP and GDP of Australia to improve per capita income and to generate more employment. The specific objectives are: a. To find out the trade channels of emerging markets in the ASEAN Region and penetrate these markets. b. To develop the right strategy how to penetrate these emerging markets and establish long-term trading activities with the same. c. To research more uses of the wool fiber as raw material, whether in bulk raw wool or thread wool or fabric wool.d. To involve foreign investors as allies in the development of wool fiber for new uses of wool and its corollary products mentioned herein. e. To secure a captured market in exchange for foreign investments. 1. 1 Sales Objectives The general sales objective is to establish a continuing and growing demand for export sales of wool, wollen products, probably new developed products out of wool, and corollary wool products, e. g. sheep meat or lambchops and sheep leather. The increase in sales may not actually mean increase in profitablity in the short term.It is the long term objective that is the main focus in order for sales projections to be drawn with ease and followed. Long term projections can only be done if investment-marketing contracts can also be drawn with the prob able buyer of the manufactured products. It would be an investment laden project, such that the need for investment can be specifically pinpointed in terms of machinery, labor, working capital and project costs or, in order to find out the specific uses of the capital investment.From there, the Return on Investment (ROI) or the Return to Equity (ROE) can be calculated and deemed to be viable or feasible to Autralian preferences. Thus, the sales objective considers the long term viability of the project and determines what level of equity the Australians should allow any foreign investor to come in and intervene in the wool industry. 1. 2 Product Positioning There is no substitute for a high quality, optimum priced product and consistent supply and these factors must be the position of the products.In order to elaborate further the market position, it is best to enumerate the products that may come from the wool industry, expound the charecteristics of the products and analyze where it uses would be. Thereon, there could be research and development (R&D) to improve the product so that there is value added when it is sold. a. Bulk Raw Wool Fibers Bulk raw wool fibers maybe classified. The usual process starts with sheering, washing, bleaching, drying and bailing. Then there can be classifying, perhaps, into which batch comes from a more mature or younger herd of sheeps or known sheep varieties.Another way, which would need R&D, is to find out how to separate the long fibers from the short fibers. Then the method of classification can be into long and short fibers. Machineries can be designed to seggregate which fibers are long or short. Both kind of fibers can be wooven into fabric with different characterics and long fibers can be an additive in matress production for car seats. In Europe car seats have organic fibers as substitute for foam cushions, and is already a regulation. Foam cushions produce toxic fumes when it burns in case of accidents.b. Wool Thread If and when wool can be seggregated into long and short fibers, there can also be two kinds of threads produced. Short fibers will produce thread with short elasticity because the spinning process produces a more fine textured thread. Long fibers will produce thread that is more elastic, which is wool’s characteristic and has been accepted by users of this thread. Fine thread from wool can become a new product which can be compared to cotton thread. c. Wool Fabric When wooven into cloth, long fibers make the cloth stretchable.The stretchable fabric is usually used for insulation such as sweaters and blankets, the main finished products of wool. Although standard woolen fabric is good insulation, it has a charcteristic very distinct from cotton cloth. The wool fibers are a bit abbrasive and may induce allergy or itchiness to human skin and is generally heavier than cotton fabric. Should there be fine thread from short fibers wooven into wool fabric, then the outcome would be fine and lighter cloth, which can become a versatile material in sewing clothes.Definitely, this range of product development needs R&D. d. Sheep Leather Sheep skin can be processed into leather to manufacture rubber shoes. China and Korea are becoming top producers of rubber shoes. Those countries could be the target market of sheep leather if it were tanned in Autralia. Thus, tanning sheep leather can become a side manufacturing concern of the wool industry. Cow and kangaroo leather from Australia is already known in the world market. It would not hurt if the sheep leather market can be developed.Rather than disposing sheep skin as fertilizer, it may be manufactured into leather. e. Sheep Meat or Lamb Chops It is only logical that there is consistency in the supply of raw materials for wool. Thus, backward integration to produce wool becomes an inevitable factor when there are plans to expand the wool market. Therefore, sheep production, which Australia is also known for, becomes an integrated portion of the wool export industry. Sheep are proliferous and multiply like goats and there will be surplus of sheep in terms of number of heads if the wool industry were to expand.Lamb meat can become one of the ancillary products of the wool industry and capacity of processing plants for fresh or even canned sheep meat must be ready when the market is developed. 1. 3 Product Objectives It is best to enumerate again what are the probable export products derived from the wool industry: short fiber raw wool, long fiber raw wool, fine wool thread, ordinary wool thread, lamb chops/sheepmeat, and sheep leather. The overall product objective is to enhance the development of products manufactured from the wool sector. This sector starts from the livestock production of sheep, an integral part of agriculture.Wool must not be the only product that can derived from this industry. In terms of short and long fibers that need R&D, new machineries may have to be brought in. This c ould be done by asking foreign investors to conduct the research, design and fabricate the machinery themselves. The machines needed would pertain to milling machines, weaving, and knitting machines. If China were the choice of partnership, it has already developed its machineries for weaving and knitting. It may be the milling machine that should be designed in order to segregate the short and long fibers before milling into threads.The threads may be further processed so that the texture could be close to or the same as silk, a well known Chinese fabric. In any case, innovation should come in so that the end products becomes a new one and will probably have its place in the fashion world, which is very big business. Should this happen, there will be curiousity from European buyers, thereby creating a damand, as the capital of fashion is in Paris, France. This would expand the manufacturing sector thereby generating more employment for the locales.In terms of sheep meat, blast free zing and cold storage facilities upgrade may be needed for the expansion of the industry. Foreign investors may also be invited. The same protocol may be applied to sheep leather manufacturing. The machineries acquisition can be negotiated such that it may come in the form of a loan, whereby, part of the payments would be in the form of manufactured products the machineries would churn out. In general, the direction of this concern is towards expanding the manufacturing sector in processing, increase employment, generate export revenues and foreign investments.1. 4 Pricing Objectives General market re-entry, just like pricing, is an art. The general pricing objective is to retain optimum profits that would benefit the industry in the long term. The volume of business may compensate the optimum profit margins when the demand for the manufactured products increase. The pricing should be generally lower than competition. This would attract foreign manufacturers to buy the wool and wool en products. When it comes to leather, the pricing should be comparable to hog leather (e.. g. Hush Puppies use hog leather).Only when if it becomes a fad and is highly sought for, should sheep leather prices be increased to a maximum level. Shoes are a basic necessity too. Leather bags and luggage may not be a necessity and fashion trends may dictate the demand for these leather products. When it comes to sheep meat, prices should go lower than that of pork or chicken prices as cheap food is a sign of progress. Generally, product innovation should be one of the largest factors in product objectives. It is a fact that wool has been a fabric since the medieval ages and is outdated.Sheep meat has been a staple food to some countries but has not been promoted as a low cholesterol meat. Sheep skin could have been used only as insulation or rough clothing during the medieval ages also, and not as leather for shoes and bags. Innovation is altering the product so that when it is used or co nsumed, it is new and attractive. Thereon, consistency in supply and quality again should be sustained. Lastly, when innovation is implemeted, the product or products has to pass the taste and preferences of the target market. Test marketing can be done through the trade envoys in the various embassies.That wold be part of promotion and advertising already. 1. 5 Retail Objectives As previously mentioned, one of the objectives is to sell the products to wholesalers and not go into direct retailing. The fibers of bulk wool, and wool thread may be sold to textile mills suppliers. The woven fabric may be sold to textile wholesalers whose down the line customers are tailors, haberdashers and manufacturers of apparel. The leather can be sold to large leather wholesalers. Lastly, the meat can be sold to a main office of a chain of grocery stores. 2. 0 SWOT Analysis of the Products a.Short and Long Wool Fibers in Bulk, Fine and Ordinary Wool Thread, and Fine and Ordinary Wool Textile Wool f ibers and products are unique in a sense that it provides better protection against cold weather. It is organic in nature and does not come from synthetic resins. It has been known to be the source of textile since production in Europe started. Clothing sewn from wool generally cater to residents of temperate and artic countries. Australia, because of its vast grazing lands can produce sheep in voluminous quantities assuring the consistency of supply. These are the strengths of these products.The weaknesses of wool products is that Australia’s geographic position is far from temperate and artic zones that are most populated, no market. On the side of the globe where Australia is located, the most developed market is Japan. Europian markets are not that accessible due to the distance which would increase freight costs. Another weakness is the acceptability of wool sewn clothing. Though fabric from wool make good blankets, its acceptability seem to be outdated because of the em ergence of felt and other cotton like materials that are also thick and provides good insulation from the cold.Blankets and sweaters are the most sewn apparel from wool, with the introduction of thicker textile substitutes, the demand for wool decreased. Another weakness is in terms of the acceptability of the fabric when in contact with human skin which may induce allergies. Lastly, the fabric produced is heavier in terms of weight, than other fabrics. Opportunities lie in the current and biggest emerging market, China. China is about 2 billion in population. China is an aggressive market because it has positioned itself in the ASEAN Region with trading agents and its strategy has become an open trade policy if proper liaison can be done.With very cheap machineries fabricated from the mainland, it may be possible to negotiate the R&D portion for the bulk wool fiber. The biggest threat comes from its largest competitor, cotton. Cotton is light and is very variable in terms of sewing clothing. Countries producing cotton are located near the tropical zone and are positioned nearer the emerging markets than Australia, meaning the freight costs are cheaper. b. Sheep Leather The strength of this product also lie in Australia’s capacity to produce it in bulk and it may come out cheaper than cow leather.The opportunity lie in the huge market in China and Korea for leather and it may mean the introduction of the product at the right quality, quantity and price to garner this market. As earlier mentioned, China and Korea have been manufacturing rubber shoes. The threat is again is in its competitor, cow leather, and Australia’s own leather production may be the same culprit. Balancing the export of the leather products, whether it comes from cow, kangaroos or sheep might be hard to implement if there is over production. c. Sheep Meat/Lambchops The strength of this product lie in the consistency of production.With the vast grazing lands in Australia and it s agriculture technology, sheep production has become comparable with cow production. Australia has gone into export of lamb meat during the mid 90’s, but has not fully developed the market potential. Australia is also known for its beef supply, though sheep meat has already been marketed (e. g. Philippines), the market forces somewhat gave the impression that supply is inconsistent. The weakness of this product is its acceptability because of its semi-pungent odor and knowledge has to be transferred to those who would cook it.Sheep meat, the same with goat meet, has to be processed or seared with heat first before it is cooked and the process is just simple frying of the exposed surfaces. There is a very large market opportunity for this due to two (2) given and existing circumstances: (1) there is growing consciousness about the carrying capacity of bad cholesterol of pork, chicken and beef, and (2) Muslims do not eat beef and they tend to shy away from pork as customary pr actice, instead, goat’s or sheep’s meat is preferred. The Muslim people and Chinese (because of the large population) in the ASEAN would also be in need of food.The opportunity to develop the demand for lambchops or sheep meat exists. This is a very large opportunity because there are large Muslim populations also in the same region. Mindanao in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore have a significant number of Muslims in their populace. Sheep meat has threats from cheap pork and chicken meat (beef prices are very high). Producers of pork and chicken in the ASEAN have been in the doldrums too because of the high cost of feed ingredients but once in a while there is glut in these particular markets when the U. S. and Canada dumps its excess production into the ASEAN region.The nations where excess are dumped generally protect their producers by imposing high tariffs for these products and this may also pose a threat if sheep meat becomes a lot cheaper than prices of pork or chicken. 3. 0 Strategies The brand positioning of wool, woolen products, sheep meat and leather may take the low key, low profile stance at first. Raw material from Australia, final product made in China or Korea. Australians may, might as well take advantage of the cheap labor from these manufacturing countries, and should allow the same to manufacture the end or final products such as shoes and apparel.When it comes to sheep meat, it could carry an Australian brand since there is no other large sheep production in the region. The market entry or re-entry strategy can be to invite Chinese investors to conduct the R&D portion for the short and long fiber segregation. Let them develop and fabricate the machinery then buy the machinery from them with the intent to supply the manufactured fibers to them also. With fiber segregation, comes thread production, then textile milling or fabric production. The Chinese have already machinery for these and it could be included in the package.It may revolutionize Australia’s textile industry. The practice of machinery acquisition in exchange of manufactured end product or raw materials have already been done by the Chinese in Thailand and the Philippines. To exemplify, vapor heat treatment plants for mangoes were put up in Thailand in corroboration with a private company and the Thailand government, provided the Chinese will buy the entire mango produced. In the Philippines, decorticating machines for coconut fibers were loaned to a government agency in charge of the coconut industry, provided all the fibers (whether short or long fibers) were bought back.Thus market entry or re-entry is possible with the Chinese, to supply the R&D, needed machinery, and provided all the produce would be bought back. The general strategy for market expansion is to let foreign investors come in and put up their own plants to manufacture the mentioned products herein, provided they market the products themselves. Sal es strategy advertising is easy with the global upgrade in information technology. But, for the general public to be aware of emerging new policies of trading in Australia could require direct advertising in television and newspapers.This could be done through the trade consuls of the embassies of Australia in the countries within the ASEAN Region. The strategy for product positioning can be generalized to be generic sold products at first, and then acquire a brand name later on. This could probably mean that the goods are traded are in bulk status. 3. 1 Sales Strategies For market segmentation, the particulars could be Japan, China, and Muslims from the ASEAN Region. It would be better to cut off the supply with Japan first, let China enter.Market forces should be monitored for control and market research. China has several retail outlets in key cities in Japan (Tokyo, Kyoto, Nagasaki, etc.. ). For Muslims, which would pertain to sheep meat marketing, trade consuls can offer counte r trade measures to promote the product. Counter trade means there is no change hands of currency but plain barter. This is usually done on a government to government (G-to-G) basis. Stratety in distribution would be in terms of volume. The best would be to allow China to buy all, as this has been their practice with other countries.Slowly remove the Japanese market and let the Chinese do the trading and networking, make the Chinese Australia’s allies in trading. Definitely there will be some unpleasant reactions with the U. S. and the U. K. with these move, thus the Australian government should be ready for this. 3. 2 Product Strategies The product strategies can come in terms of service and support. When the Chinese have decided to enter into Australian territories, they might as well have some incentives like free trade zones, less tariffs for machineries, dedicated warehouses and maritime discounts in berthing their ships.This can justify adjusted lower FOB pricing rates and the high costs of freight.. 3. 3 Pricing Strategies Now that the general strategy is to tap China as an emerging market, at first FOB prices of the manufactured goods must be 5 to 10 per cent lower compared to its competitors. This should be done provided a yearly marketing contract can be inked with the Chinese. Chinese traders practice forard buying; which means that they might opt to buy the whole production for one year of a manufacturing plant, securing a low price and selling the manufactured goods when prices of the goods go up.This semi-monopolistic in nature but works very well if a company is into trading and has very huge capital base. Forward buying is very capital intensive. 3. 4 Retail Strategies The trends for market position of wool and its corollary products should start from the very basic step of the product chain that it can access abroad, the wholesalers. China is a wholesaler and bulk trader. The manufacturing sector of wool and other products must at first , take a stand that their final export product must give a privilege for better profit for the wholesalers as their allies.In the short run, this may mean that in order for the products to penetrate the retail market, other people outside the wholesalers network must be deplored and employed by the wholesalers themselves. It also may mean that the wholesalers that are buying the final export products could independently establish their own retail chains. Thus, the first position of the wool and other corollary wool products should be that of the wholesalers dominion. The next, and without violation of the terms and conditions with the current wholesalers, would be the retailing sector. 5.0 Budget The product marketing plan must come in phases; therefore, it would be hard to arrive at a fix budget for the total project cost of implementing the plan. Only in the first phase can a budget be appropriated for approval. The first phase would be to approve the concept and policies in the m agistrates of the Australian government and conduct advertising and marketing campaigns for the re-aligned trade and marketing policies through the embassies. TV and newspaper promotions would be the bulk of the cost of the campaign. Let us estimate the allocation at A$ 200,000.00 per country, targeting seven (7) countries; total estimated budget is A$ 1. 4MM. This can suffice buying airtime and newspaper publishing for one year. Additional single-liaison staff maybe hired in the embassies but the representation allowance should be flexible, as Chinese representatives are hungry for wine and dine related negotiations. 5. 0 Future Trends and Issues of Marketing Concern The future trends in the global market: more use of organic fibers and leather rather than synthetic substitutes because of the characteristic that synthetics churn toxic fumes when it burns.In the last few decades when there was little awareness on accidents concerning toxic fumes, the trend was to use non-organic fib ers. But when research resulted to synthetic fibers as the source of toxicity, the manufacturing sector using synthetics has slowly reverted to organic sources. This is the same trend with foods and sheep meat as health food will become a fad. The future issues that may arise are that of capital flight to Australia from China, exchange rate fluctuations, currency retention in the partner countries. This can be addressed by lowering or totally eliminating the trade deficits between partner countries.Whereas, Australia may buy Chinese machinery and equipment in return for a captured export market, at both profitable levels of operation, ROI’s and ROE’s can be internally kept a secret within and between both trading partners. 6. 0 Conclusion The product marketing plan designed herein to increase the export revenues of the wool manufacturing sector in Australia is to garner a corresponding increase in the gross trade revenues of the country as a whole. It must consider the balance of trade with the ally it will do the trading with.In terms of foreign investments, the trading partner, in this particular case it is China, Australia must be very cautious in the pricing of the machineries and the technology that China will bring in. Machineries and technology prices are hard to determine especially if the entity who would buy such were not involved in the actual design of the latter. Australia could only specify the technical data and the percieved or target outputs of the machineries. At any rate, technology is a fast maturing factor. New technologies emerge as the old ones are still being used.It may be that the cost at the start would be very high, but as the machineries depreciate, the technology depreciates and so with the cost. Further, the after sales service agreement with the Chinese for the machineries could be designed in a such a way that the acquisition of spare parts and other necessary materials to run the machineries can be less costly. T hese would all depend on the transparency of the trading partner. The logic behind it is that both partners should make enough profits from a sustainable industry and the profits should be declared as transparent as possible.This is the very reason why the long-term goals are the focus of the product marketing plan. The rest of the strategies can be adjusted along the way if the plan implementation should follow another path and not as intended. The planners can think of 1,001 strategies and can implement some of them after the planning stage. When implementation diverts from what has been as planned, alternative strategies could be applied. The best thing that could happen is to be right the first time, during implementation. References: Agdayemawer, M. L. (1992). International marketing strategy.Jaipur, India: Printwell. Alexander, P. , Earland, C. , & Hudson, R. F. Wool : its chemistry and physics. Argy, F. , & Committee for Economic Development of Australia. (1992). A long term economic strategy for Australia : key policy themes : an Australia that works, a vision for the future. Melbourne, Vic. : Committee for Economic Development of Australia. Argy, F. , & Committee for Economic Development of Australia. (1993). A long term economic strategy for Australia a discussion paper. Canberra: CEDA. Australia. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Wool. Situation and outlook. Canberra: A.G. P. S. Australia. Wool Textile Industry Study Group. , & Australia. Dept. of Industry and Commerce. (1980). The Australian wool textile industry : a report. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Wool, Australia. Canberra: ABS. Australian Wool Corporation. , & Running Stitch (Textile group). (1985). Wool quilts old and new : catalogue to an exhibition June 16th to 30th 1985, Wool House. Parkville, Vic: Australian Wool Corporation. Baker, M. J. (2000). Marketing strategy and management (3rd ed. ). Basingstoke: Macmillan. Bell, M. L., & V incze, J. W. (1988). Managerial marketing : strategy and cases. New York: Elsevier. Bosanquet, N. (1977). Economic strategy : a new social contract. London: Fabian Society. English, W. The textile industry: an account of the early inventions of spinning, weaving, and knitting machines. Findlay, C. C. , Itao, M. , & Australia-Japan Research Centre. (1994). Wool in Japan : structural change in the textile and clothing market. Pymble, N. S. W. : Harper Educational Publishers in association with Australia-Japan Research Centre Australian National University. Harvard business review.Marketing strategy series, pts. Hughes, J. (1967). An economic strategy for Labour. London: Fabian Society. Indian Statistical Institute. Economic strategy and the Third Plan. International Wool Secretariat. Interior Textiles Group. (1986). Wool upholstery handbook. Ilkley: Development Centre International Wool Secretariat. Jenkins, J. G. The wool textile industry in Great Britain. LEADACHINA INTERNATIONAL IN VESTMENTS PTE LTD. (2006). Investments & Trade. 2006, from http://leadachina. en. ec21. com/company_info. jsp LeCouteur, G. S. Wool! Modern myths, new horizons, with an introd.Longworth, J. W. , & Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. (1990). The Wool industry in China : some Chinese perspectives. Mount Waverley, Vic. : Inkata Press in association with the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Maclaren, J. A. (1981). Wool science : the chemical reactivity of the wool fibre. Sydney: Science Press. Munro, J. H. A. Wool, cloth, and gold : the struggle for bullion in Anglo-Burgundian trade, 1340-1478. Neal, C. M. , Quester, P. G. , & Hawkins, D. I. (2004). Consumer behaviour : implications for marketing strategy (4th ed.). Boston, Mass. ; North Ryde, N. S. W. : McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Onions, W. J. (1962). Wool : an introduction to its properties, varieties, uses and production. London: E. Benn. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1981). Emission control costs in the textile industry. Paris: Oecd. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Group of Experts on the Social Aspects of New Technologies. (1988). New technologies in the 1990s : a socio-economic strategy. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Ponting, K. G. (1961).The wool trade : past and present. Manchester: Columbine Press. Ronald, H. B. (1987). Wool before the wind : a history of the Ronald family and the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company. South Yarra, Vic: Landvale Enterprises. Ryder, M. L. , & Stephenson, S. K. (1968). Wool growth. London: Academic Press. Stifel, L. D. The textile industry – a case study of industrial development in the Philippines. Textile Council Of Australia. Statistical handbook of the textile industry in Australia. Toyne, B. (1984). The Global textile industry. London ; Boston: Allen & Unwin.United Nations Industrial Development Organization. The Textile industry : perspectives for industrial development in the second United Nations development decade. New York: United Nations. University of New England. Dept. of Adult Education. Wool and wool marketing. White, L. (1981). Wool in wartime : a study in colonialism. Sydney: Alternative Publishing Co-operative. Winyard, S. (1980). Trouble looming : low pay in the wool textile industry. London: Low Pay Unit. Woldendorp, R. , McDonald, R. , & Burdon, A. (2003). Wool : the Australian story. Fremantle, W. A.: Fremantle Arts Centre Press in association with Richard Woldendorp. Wool Research and Development Fund (Australia), Australian Wool Board. Wool Production Resarch Division. , Australian Wool Corporation. Production Research Dept. , Wool Research Trust Fund (Australia), Australian Wool Corporation. Research and Development Dept. , & Australian Wool Corporation. Research projects (Wool Research and Development Fund (Australia)). Sydney: Australian Wool Corporation Research and Development Dept. W ool, R. P. (1994). Polymer interfaces : structure and strength. Munich: Hanser Publishers.